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There are three inequalities between means to prove. There are various methods to prove the inequalities, including mathematical induction, the Cauchy–Schwarz inequality, Lagrange multipliers, and Jensen's inequality. For several proofs that GM ≤ AM, see Inequality of arithmetic and geometric means.
The hinge theorem holds in Euclidean spaces and more generally in simply connected non-positively curved space forms.. It can be also extended from plane Euclidean geometry to higher dimension Euclidean spaces (e.g., to tetrahedra and more generally to simplices), as has been done for orthocentric tetrahedra (i.e., tetrahedra in which altitudes are concurrent) [2] and more generally for ...
Jensen's inequality can be proved in several ways, and three different proofs corresponding to the different statements above will be offered. Before embarking on these mathematical derivations, however, it is worth analyzing an intuitive graphical argument based on the probabilistic case where X is a real number (see figure).
Hölder's inequality (in a slightly different form) was first found by Leonard James Rogers . Inspired by Rogers' work, Hölder (1889) gave another proof as part of a work developing the concept of convex and concave functions and introducing Jensen's inequality, [2] which was in turn named for work of Johan Jensen building on Hölder's work. [3]
where , is the inner product.Examples of inner products include the real and complex dot product; see the examples in inner product.Every inner product gives rise to a Euclidean norm, called the canonical or induced norm, where the norm of a vector is denoted and defined by ‖ ‖:= , , where , is always a non-negative real number (even if the inner product is complex-valued).
The desired inequality turns into + +, or, equivalently, + +. This is clearly true by Titu's Lemma. This is clearly true by Titu's Lemma. Eighth proof: Jensen's inequality
The proof of this inequality follows from the above combined with Klein's inequality. Take f(x) = exp(x), A=R + F, and B = R + gI. [10] Gibbs variational principle
Proof [2]. Since + =, =. A graph = on the -plane is thus also a graph =. From sketching a visual representation of the integrals of the area between this curve and the axes, and the area in the rectangle bounded by the lines =, =, =, =, and the fact that is always increasing for increasing and vice versa, we can see that upper bounds the area of the rectangle below the curve (with equality ...