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Steiner had wanted to write a philosophy of freedom since at least 1880. [12] The appearance of The Philosophy of Freedom in 1894 [13] was preceded by his publications on Goethe, focusing on epistemology and the philosophy of science, particularly Goethe the Scientist (1883) [14] and The Theory of Knowledge Implicit in Goethe's World Conception (1886). [15]
Philosophical Inquiries into the Essence of Human Freedom (German: Philosophische Untersuchungen über das Wesen der menschlichen Freiheit und die damit zusammenhängenden Gegenstände) is an 1809 work by Friedrich Schelling. It was the last book he finished in his lifetime, running to some 90 pages of a single long essay.
He is a professor in the Department of Philosophy at the University of Bergen, Norway. He is the author of several books, including A Philosophy of Boredom (2005), Fashion: a Philosophy (2006), A Philosophy of Fear (2008), Work (2008), and A Philosophy of Freedom (2014). His books have been translated into more than 25 languages.
He was Professor of Philosophy at the University of Wisconsin–Madison. [1] MacCallum is well known for his critique to the distinction, made famous by Isaiah Berlin , between negative and positive liberty , proposing instead that the concept of freedom can only be understood as a 'triadic relation', in which " x is (is not) free from y to do ...
In On the Freedom of the Will, Schopenhauer demonstrates the (well known in philosophy) distinction between necessity and contingency. [5] He calls "necessary" what follows from a given sufficient basis [7] (i.e. that what is already certain – if one knows that the sufficient cause is present).
Freedom from domination was considered by Phillip Pettit, Quentin Skinner and John P. McCormick as a defining aspect of freedom. [ 11 ] [ 12 ] While operative control is the ability to direct ones actions on a day-to-day basis, that freedom can depend on the whim of another, also known as reserve control.
As is the case with most Krishnamurti texts, the book consists of edited excerpts from his public talks and discussions; it includes examinations of subjects that were, or became, recurrent themes in his exposition: [10] the nature of the self – and of belief, investigations into fear and desire, the relationship between thinker and thought, the concept of choiceless awareness, the function ...
An idea that anticipates the distinction between negative and positive liberty was G. F. W. Hegel's "sphere of abstract right" (furthered in his Elements of the Philosophy of Right), which constitutes what now is called negative freedom and his subsequent distinction between "abstract" and "positive liberty." [4] [5]