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Little is known about Sextus Empiricus. He likely lived in Alexandria, Rome, or Athens. [1] His Roman name, Sextus, implies he was a Roman citizen. [2] The Suda, a 10th-century Byzantine encyclopedia, states that he was the same person as Sextus of Chaeronea, [3] as do other pre-modern sources, but this identification is commonly doubted. [4]
Pyrrhonism is best known today through the surviving works of Sextus Empiricus, writing in the late second century or early third century CE. [2] The publication of Sextus' works in the Renaissance ignited a revival of interest in Skepticism and played a major role in Reformation thought and the development of early modern philosophy.
Sextus Empiricus described these "modes" or "tropes" in Outlines of Pyrrhonism, attributing them "to the more recent skeptics"; Diogenes Laërtius attributes them to Agrippa. [2] The five modes of Agrippa (also known as the five tropes of Agrippa) are:
Einführender Kommentar zu Sextus Empiricus' "Grundriss der pyrrhonischen Skepsis", Mainz, 2011: electr. publication, University of Mainz. available online (comment on Sextus Empiricus' "Outlines of Pyrrhonism" in German language) di Giovanni, George and H. S. Harris, eds. 2000.
Skepticism, also spelled scepticism in British English, is a questioning attitude or doubt toward knowledge claims that are seen as mere belief or dogma. [1] For example, if a person is skeptical about claims made by their government about an ongoing war then the person doubts that these claims are accurate.
Most of what we know today as Pyrrhonism comes through the book Outlines of Pyrrhonism written by Sextus Empiricus over 400 years after Pyrrho's death. Most sources agree that the primary goal of Pyrrho's philosophy was the achievement of a state of ataraxia , or freedom from mental perturbation, and that he observed that ataraxia could be ...
Academic skepticism refers to the skeptical period of the Academy dating from around 266 BCE, when Arcesilaus became scholarch, until around 90 BCE, when Antiochus of Ascalon rejected skepticism, although individual philosophers, such as Favorinus and his teacher Plutarch, continued to defend skepticism after this date.
In Western philosophy the earliest surviving documentation of the problem of the criterion is in the works of the Pyrrhonist philosopher Sextus Empiricus. [1] In Outlines of Pyrrhonism Sextus Empiricus demonstrated that no criterion of truth had been established, contrary to the position of dogmatists such as the Stoics and their doctrine of ...