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The Kaplan–Meier estimator, [1] [2] also known as the product limit estimator, is a non-parametric statistic used to estimate the survival function from lifetime data. In medical research, it is often used to measure the fraction of patients living for a certain amount of time after treatment.
The Kaplan–Meier estimator can be used to estimate the survival function. The Nelson–Aalen estimator can be used to provide a non-parametric estimate of the cumulative hazard rate function. These estimators require lifetime data.
Kaplan-Meier curve illustrating overall survival based on volume of brain metastases.Elaimy et al. (2011) [10] In its simplest form, the hazard ratio can be interpreted as the chance of an event occurring in the treatment arm divided by the chance of the event occurring in the control arm, or vice versa, of a study.
The assumption of constant hazard may not be appropriate. For example, among most living organisms, the risk of death is greater in old age than in middle age – that is, the hazard rate increases with time. For some diseases, such as breast cancer, the risk of recurrence is lower after 5 years – that is, the hazard rate decreases with time.
Survival analysis includes Cox regression (Proportional hazards model) and Kaplan–Meier survival analysis. Procedures for method evaluation and method comparison include ROC curve analysis, [6] Bland–Altman plot, [7] as well as Deming and Passing–Bablok regression. [8]
Paul Meier (July 24, 1924 – August 7, 2011) [1] was a statistician who promoted the use of randomized trials in medicine. [2] [3]Meier is known for introducing, with Edward L. Kaplan, the Kaplan–Meier estimator, [4] [5] a method for measuring how many patients survive a medical treatment from one duration to another, taking into account that the sampled population changes over time.
Cowden syndrome (also known as Cowden's disease and multiple hamartoma syndrome) is an autosomal dominant inherited condition characterized by benign overgrowths called hamartomas as well as an increased lifetime risk of breast, thyroid, uterine, and other cancers. [1]
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