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Albuminuria is a pathological condition wherein the protein albumin is abnormally present in the urine (>30 mg per day). It is a type of proteinuria.Albumin is a major plasma protein (normally circulating in the blood); in healthy people, only trace amounts of it are present in urine, whereas larger amounts occur in the urine of patients with kidney disease.
Microalbuminuria is a term to describe a moderate increase in the level of urine albumin. It occurs when the kidney leaks small amounts of albumin into the urine, in other words, when an abnormally high permeability for albumin in the glomerulus of the kidney occurs. Normally, the kidneys filter albumin, so if albumin is found in the urine ...
A small quantity of red blood cells in the urine is considered normal. [93] [97] An increased level of RBCs is termed hematuria. Microscopic hematuria is sometimes observed in healthy people after exercise [98] or as a consequence of contamination of the sample with menstrual blood. [97]
The normal number of red blood cells in urine should not usually exceed 3 per high power field. [ 13 ] A urine test strip showing positive for blood can also indicate hemoglobinuria , which is not detectable using a microscope due to the lysis of red blood cells in the urinary tract (particularly in alkaline or dilute urine), or intravascular ...
Concentrations above the reference range are found in paraproteinaemia, Hodgkin's lymphoma, leukaemia or any condition causing an increase in immunoglobulins. Total protein is also commonly elevated in dehydration and C677T gene mutation. Reference ranges for blood tests, with total plasma protein (shown in purple at right) with other constituents.
Albumin is commonly used to replenish and maintain blood volume after traumatic injury, during surgery, and during plasma exchange. [3] Since albumin is the most abundant protein in the plasma its use may be the most well known, but many other proteins, although present in low concentrations, can have important clinical uses. [1] See table ...
Acid–base and blood gases are among the few blood constituents that exhibit substantial difference between arterial and venous values. [6] Still, pH, bicarbonate and base excess show a high level of inter-method reliability between arterial and venous tests, so arterial and venous values are roughly equivalent for these. [44]
In non-inflammatory conditions, plasma albumin concentration, size, shape, and number of red blood cells, and the concentration of immunoglobulin can affect the ESR. Non-inflammatory conditions that can cause raised ESR include anemia, kidney failure, obesity, ageing, and female sex. [7] ESR is also higher in women during menstruation and ...