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Galls may also provide the insect with physical protection from predators. [35] [24] Insect galls are usually induced by chemicals injected by the larvae of the insects into the plants and possibly mechanical damage. After the galls are formed, the larvae develop inside until fully grown, when they leave.
A gallstone is a stone formed within the gallbladder from precipitated bile components. [2] The term cholelithiasis may refer to the presence of gallstones or to any disease caused by gallstones, [5] and choledocholithiasis refers to the presence of migrated gallstones within bile ducts.
These galls are often massed together in clumps that can cover the underside of leaves. Individual galls are 12–14 mm high, 7 mm across, and have a single chamber for larvae. The lower chamber is where larvae develop out of two chambers in the gall. [7] The body of a gall can end with an extended neck when they are of considerable size. [7]
Galls act as both the habitat, and food sources for the progeny of the gall wasp. The artichoke gall is formed entirely from the bud and is composed of nutritious starch and other tissues. Some galls act as "physiologic sinks", concentrating resources in the gall from the surrounding plant parts. [9]
A gall formed by the bisexual generation of Feron pattersonae. Like most oak gall wasps, the plate gall wasp has two alternating generations a year: a parthenogenic all-female generation, and a bisexual generation. [3] The all-female generation produces galls in summer that are flat and circular with scalloped edges.
Biorhiza pallida, also known as the oak apple gall wasp, [1] is a gall wasp species in the family Cynipidae. This species is a member of the tribe Cynipini: the oak gall wasp tribe. Cynipini is the tribe partially responsible for the formation of galls known as oak apples on oak trees. These are formed after the wasp lays eggs inside the leaf ...
This species induces galls on various white oak species, [5] such as the valley oak Quercus lobata. [3] The galls housing the parthenogenetic females are detachable red cones measuring about 5 mm tall. These form on either side of the leaves, often with many forming per leaf. Adults emerge in winter from the tip of the cone. [6]
Galls formed by a given species can usually be distinguished from those of other species by the shape, size, placement, and ornamentation (smooth or spiny) of the gall, together with the identity of the host plant. [2] [5] However, gall morphology can be modified by the presence of inquilines and parasitoids.