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All people with a GFR <60 mL/min/1.73 m 2 for 3 months are defined as having chronic kidney disease. [62] Protein in the urine is regarded as an independent marker for the worsening of kidney function and cardiovascular disease. Hence, British guidelines append the letter "P" to the stage of chronic kidney disease if protein loss is significant ...
The severity of chronic kidney disease (CKD) is described by six stages; the most severe three are defined by the MDRD-eGFR value, and first three also depend on whether there is other evidence of kidney disease (e.g., proteinuria): 0) Normal kidney function – GFR above 90 (mL/min)/(1.73 m 2) and no proteinuria
Diagnosis of acute failure is often based on a combination of factors such as decreased urine production or increased serum creatinine. [3] Diagnosis of chronic failure is based on a glomerular filtration rate (GFR) of less than 15 or the need for renal replacement therapy. [1] It is also equivalent to stage 5 chronic kidney disease. [1]
Chronic kidney disease is defined as prolonged kidney abnormalities (functional and/or structural in nature) that last for more than three months. [1] Acute kidney disease is now termed acute kidney injury and is marked by the sudden reduction in kidney function over seven days.
To confirm the diagnosis, renal osteodystrophy must be characterized by determining bone turnover, mineralization, and volume (TMV system) [2] (bone biopsy). [16] All forms of renal osteodystrophy should also be distinguished from other bone diseases which may equally result in decreased bone density (related or unrelated to CKD): osteoporosis [19]
The aim of the medical treatment is to slow the progression of chronic kidney disease by reducing blood pressure and albumin levels. [14] The current published guidelines define ideal BP of <130/80 mmHg for patients with hypertensive nephropathy; studies show that anything higher or lower than this can increase cardiovascular risk.
Diagnostic serum creatinine studies are used to determine renal function. [4] The reference interval is 0.6–1.3 mg/dL (53–115 μmol/L). [4] It is simple to measure serum creatinine, and it is the most commonly used indicator of renal function. [6]
Acute kidney injury (AKI), previously called acute renal failure (ARF), [1] [2] is a sudden decrease in kidney function that develops within seven days, [3] as shown by an increase in serum creatinine or a decrease in urine output, or both.
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