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For most of its history, what is now Belgium was either a part of a larger territory, such as the Carolingian Empire, or divided into a number of smaller states, prominent among them being the Duchy of Lower Lorraine, the Duchy of Brabant, the County of Flanders, the Prince-Bishopric of Liège, the County of Namur, the County of Hainaut and the County of Luxembourg.
Helmreich, Jonathan E. Belgium and Europe: a study in small power diplomacy (Walter de Gruyter, 2019). Rapport, Michael. "Belgium under French occupation: Between collaboration and resistance, July 1794 to October 1795." French history 16.1 (2002): 53-82. Zolberg, Aristide R. "The Making of Flemings and Walloons: Belgium: 1830-1914."
The County of Flanders was created in the year 862 as a feudal fief in West Francia, the predecessor of the Kingdom of France.After a period of growing power within France, it was divided when its western districts fell under French rule in the late 12th century, with the remaining parts of Flanders came under the rule of the counts of neighbouring Hainaut in 1191.
Belgium, [a] officially the Kingdom of Belgium, [b] is a country in Northwestern Europe. The country is bordered by the Netherlands to the north, Germany to the east, Luxembourg to the southeast, France to the south, and the North Sea to the west. It covers an area of 30,689 km 2 (11,849 sq mi) [4] and has a population of more than 11.7 million ...
Customs Convention between Belgium, the Netherlands and Luxembourg comes into force. [164]: 978 17 March: Belgium, France, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, and the United Kingdom sign the Treaty of Brussels, establishing the Brussels Pact for economic, social and cultural collaboration and collective self-defence. [164]: 905 25 August
British troops pass a column of Belgian refugees near Leuven on 12 May 1940. The Exodus (French: l'Exode) refers to was a massive flight of Belgian, Dutch, Luxembourgish, and French populations in May – June 1940 when the German army invaded Belgium, the Netherlands, and the majority of French territory during the Battle of France, after the breakthrough at Sedan.
Belgium was the first country in continental Europe to experience the Industrial Revolution, and was the most intensively industrialized country in the world throughout most of the period. [88] [89] Belgium industrialized rapidly over the 19th century, with a focus on iron, coal and textile production. [90]
Figures representing Prussia, Austria, Russia, Great Britain and France are shown discussing a text, while Holland and Belgium are hanging on the side and Poland is lying dead on the ground. The London Conference of 1830 brought together representatives of the five major European powers Austria, Britain, France, Prussia and Russia.