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Cancer is caused by genetic changes leading to uncontrolled cell growth and tumor formation. The basic cause of sporadic (non-familial) cancers is DNA damage and genomic instability. [1][2] A minority of cancers are due to inherited genetic mutations. [3] Most cancers are related to environmental, lifestyle, or behavioral exposures. [4]
Cancer is a group of diseases involving abnormal cell growth with the potential to invade or spread to other parts of the body. [ 2 ][ 7 ] These contrast with benign tumors, which do not spread. [ 7 ] Possible signs and symptoms include a lump, abnormal bleeding, prolonged cough, unexplained weight loss, and a change in bowel movements. [ 1 ]
Lung cancer is the most diagnosed and deadliest cancer worldwide, with 2.2 million cases in 2020 resulting in 1.8 million deaths. [3] Lung cancer is rare in those younger than 40; the average age at diagnosis is 70 years, and the average age at death 72. [2] Incidence and outcomes vary widely across the world, depending on patterns of tobacco use.
Although it accounts for only 2.5% of new cases, pancreatic cancer is responsible for 6% of cancer deaths each year. [113] It is the seventh-highest cause of death from cancer worldwide. [10] Pancreatic cancer is the fifth most-common cause of death from cancer in the United Kingdom, [19] and the third most-common in the United States. [20]
Constitutional Symptoms. Unexplained pain: Pain that persists, has no clear cause, and does not respond to treatment may be a warning sign of many types of cancers. Unexplained night sweats or fever: These may be signs of an immune system cancer. Fever in children rarely points to malignancy, but may merit evaluation.
Esophageal cancer is the eighth-most frequently-diagnosed cancer worldwide, [2] and because of its poor prognosis, it is the sixth most-common cause of cancer-related deaths. [55] It caused about 400,000 deaths in 2012, accounting for about 5% of all cancer deaths (about 456,000 new cases were diagnosed, representing about 3% of all cancers). [2]
However, liver and stomach cancer are primarily due to infectious causes. Liver cancer is largely caused by infectious hepatitis B virus (HBV) plus hepatitis C virus (HBC) and stomach cancer is largely caused by Helicobacter pylori bacteria. World-wide, the estimated number of people chronically infected with HBV and/or HCV is ~325 million. [8]
The new American Association for Cancer Research report predicts more than 2 million new cancer cases diagnosed in 2024, and emphasizes the dangerous role played by alcohol use in cancer development.
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