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The natural rate of unemployment is the name that was given to a key concept in the study of economic activity. Milton Friedman and Edmund Phelps, tackling this 'human' problem in the 1960s, both received the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences for their work, and the development of the concept is cited as a main motivation behind the prize.
Permanent income hypothesis. The permanent income hypothesis (PIH) is a model in the field of economics to explain the formation of consumption patterns. It suggests consumption patterns are formed from future expectations and consumption smoothing. [α] The theory was developed by Milton Friedman and published in his A Theory of the ...
t. e. Milton Friedman (/ ˈfriːdmən / ⓘ; July 31, 1912 – November 16, 2006) was an American economist and statistician who received the 1976 Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences for his research on consumption analysis, monetary history and theory and the complexity of stabilization policy. [4] With George Stigler, Friedman was among ...
[26] [27] However, the expectations argument was in fact very widely understood (albeit not formally) before Friedman's and Phelps's work on it. [28] In the diagram, the long-run Phillips curve is the vertical red line. The NAIRU theory says that when unemployment is at the rate defined by this line, inflation will be stable.
Friedman rule. The Friedman rule is a monetary policy rule proposed by Milton Friedman. [1] Friedman advocated monetary policy that would result in the nominal interest rate being at or very near zero. His rationale was that the opportunity cost of holding money faced by private agents should equal the social cost of creating additional fiat money.
Non-accelerating inflation rate of unemployment (NAIRU) [1] is a theoretical level of unemployment below which inflation would be expected to rise. [2] It was first introduced as NIRU (non-inflationary rate of unemployment) by Franco Modigliani and Lucas Papademos in 1975, as an improvement over the "natural rate of unemployment" concept, [3] [4] [5] which was proposed earlier by Milton Friedman.
The theories behind the Phillips curve pointed to the inflationary costs of lowering the unemployment rate. That is, as unemployment rates fell and the economy approached full employment, the inflation rate would rise. But this theory also says that there is no single unemployment number that one can point to as the "full employment" rate.
Friedman's updated quantity theory also allowed for the possibility of using monetary or fiscal policy to remedy a major downturn. [91] Friedman broke with Keynes by arguing that money demand is relatively stable—even during a downturn. [90] Monetarists argued that "fine-tuning" through fiscal and monetary policy is counterproductive.