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A drawing of a cat by T. W. Wood in Charles Darwin's book The Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals, described as acting "in an affectionate frame of mind". Emotion is defined as any mental experience with high intensity and high hedonic content. [1]
Endorphins are generally known as neurotransmitters that are released when the body goes into pain. [3] The three endorphins that play a role in this response are α-endorphin, β-endorphin (beta-endorphin), and γ-endorphin (gamma-endorphin) which are all derived from the same polypeptide known as pro-opiomelanocortin. [3]
Endorphins may contribute to the positive effect of exercise on anxiety and depression. [43] The same phenomenon may also play a role in exercise addiction . Regular intense exercise may cause the brain to downregulate the production of endorphins in periods of rest to maintain homeostasis , causing a person to exercise more intensely in order ...
In this way, animals learn from the consequence of their own actions, i.e. they use an internal predictor. Operant responses indicate a voluntary act; the animal exerts control over the frequency or intensity of its responses, making these distinct from reflexes and complex fixed action patterns.
β-Endorphin (beta-endorphin) is an endogenous opioid neuropeptide and peptide hormone that is produced in certain neurons within the central nervous system and peripheral nervous system. [1]
Most people just think of men when they hear testosterone, but the primary male sex hormone is produced in women too (in the ovaries, in fact) and it turns out that more of it is released ...
γ-Endorphin resides in the pituitary gland of humans, as well as in other animals such as rats. An experiment was performed where two human pituitary glands were made available, and through various procedures like gel filtration chromatography and high-performance chromatography, 0.7 nmol of gamma-endorphin was found.
Compared to the eyes of other animals, the uniquely visible and well-defined sclera and iris of human eyes provides further evidence of its evolutionary importance for the species, and are thought to have developed as humans became more reliant upon complex communication for survival and reproductive success.