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For example, a flocculant may be used in swimming pool or drinking water filtration to aid removal of microscopic particles which would otherwise cause the water to be turbid (cloudy) and which would be difficult or impossible to remove by filtration alone. Many flocculants are multivalent cations such as aluminium, iron, calcium or magnesium. [1]
Aluminium sulfate may be used as a deodorant, an astringent, or as a styptic for superficial shaving wounds. [citation needed] Aluminium sulfate is used as a mordant in dyeing and printing textiles. It is a common vaccine adjuvant and works "by facilitating the slow release of antigen from the vaccine depot formed at the site of inoculation."
These include sodium hydroxide, calcium hydroxide, aluminum sulfate, aluminum oxide, ferric sulfate, ferric chloride, sodium aluminate, with flocculant aids polyaluminum chloride, polyferric chloride. [17] A variety of cationic, anionic, and non-ionic polymers are also used, typically with a molecular weight below 500,000. [17]
Despite its widespread use in the performance of so-called "dewatering experiments", the jar test is limited in its usefulness due to several disadvantages. For example, evaluating the performance of prospective coagulants or flocculants requires both significant volumes of water/wastewater samples (liters) and experimental time (hours).
Crystal of potassium alum, KAl(SO 4) 2 ·12H 2 O. An alum (/ ˈ æ l ə m /) is a type of chemical compound, usually a hydrated double sulfate salt of aluminium with the general formula X Al(SO 4) 2 ·12 H 2 O, such that X is a monovalent cation such as potassium or ammonium. [1] By itself, "alum" often refers to potassium alum, with the ...
Flocculant Chemical formula Charge Molecular mass Application Aluminum sulfate (alum) Al 2 (SO 4) 3: Ionic: 342.15: Water treatment Ferrous sulfate: FeSO 4: Ionic: 151.91: Water treatment Polyvinylpolypyrrolidone (PVP) (C 6 H 9 NO) n: Nonionic: 2500-2.5 million: Wine and beer clarification Poly(acrylamide-co-sodium acrylate) (C 6 H 9 NO 3 Na 3 ...
Aluminum sulfate, or "alum" as it is commonly referred, has been found to be an effective lake management tool by reducing the phosphorus load. [2] Sediment core sampled from a Minnesota lake. Aluminum sulfate flocs are depicted as white clumps near the sediment surface. Alum was first applied in 1968 to a lake in Sweden. [2]
They are effective at lower dosages compared to inorganic flocculants. Inorganic Flocculants: Aluminum Sulfate (Alum), Ferric Chloride, Ferric Sulfate, Polyaluminum chloride; Extreme caution should be observed when using cationic flocculants like chitosan or positively charged polyacrylamide or polyDADMAC which cause hypoxia in fish.