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The Kirchhoff–Helmholtz integral combines the Helmholtz equation with the Kirchhoff integral theorem [1] to produce a method applicable to acoustics, [2] seismology [3] and other disciplines involving wave propagation.
The Helmholtz equation has a variety of applications in physics and other sciences, including the wave equation, the diffusion equation, and the Schrödinger equation for a free particle. In optics, the Helmholtz equation is the wave equation for the electric field. [1] The equation is named after Hermann von Helmholtz, who studied it in 1860. [2]
The method of separation of variables is also used to solve a wide range of linear partial differential equations with boundary and initial conditions, such as the heat equation, wave equation, Laplace equation, Helmholtz equation and biharmonic equation.
The Sommerfeld radiation condition is used to solve uniquely the Helmholtz equation. For example, consider the problem of radiation due to a point source x 0 {\displaystyle x_{0}} in three dimensions, so the function f {\displaystyle f} in the Helmholtz equation is f ( x ) = δ ( x − x 0 ) , {\displaystyle f(x)=\delta (x-x_{0}),} where δ ...
Spheroidal wave functions are solutions of the Helmholtz equation that are found by writing the equation in spheroidal coordinates and applying the technique of separation of variables, just like the use of spherical coordinates lead to spherical harmonics.
The integral has the following form for a monochromatic wave: [2] [3] [4] = [^ ^],where the integration is performed over an arbitrary closed surface S enclosing the observation point , in is the wavenumber, in is the distance from an (infinitesimally small) integral surface element to the point , is the spatial part of the solution of the homogeneous scalar wave equation (i.e., (,) = as the ...
The Helmholtz decomposition in three dimensions was first described in 1849 [9] by George Gabriel Stokes for a theory of diffraction. Hermann von Helmholtz published his paper on some hydrodynamic basic equations in 1858, [10] [11] which was part of his research on the Helmholtz's theorems describing the motion of fluid in the vicinity of vortex lines. [11]
Originally, the spheroidal wave functions were introduced by C. Niven, [21] which lead to a Helmholtz equation in spheroidal coordinates. Monographs tying together many aspects of the theory of spheroidal wave functions were written by Strutt, [ 22 ] Stratton et al., [ 23 ] Meixner and Schafke, [ 24 ] and Flammer.
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