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In vitro studies exploring the dispersion of diamond nanoparticles in cells have revealed that most diamond nanoparticles exhibit fluorescence and are uniformly distributed. [21] Fluorescent nanodiamond particles can be mass produced through irradiating diamond nanocrystallites with helium ions. [ 22 ]
In very small minerals, surface energy is important and diamonds are more stable than graphite because the diamond structure is more compact. The crossover in stability is at between 1 and 5 nm. At even smaller sizes, a variety of other forms of carbon such as fullerenes can be found, as well as diamond cores wrapped in fullerenes. [3]
Rubies, emeralds, and diamonds exhibit red fluorescence under long-wave UV, blue and sometimes green light; diamonds also emit light under X-ray radiation. Fluorescence in minerals is caused by a wide range of activators. In some cases, the concentration of the activator must be restricted to below a certain level, to prevent quenching of the ...
Diamonds crystallize in the diamond cubic crystal system (space group Fd 3 m) and consist of tetrahedrally, covalently bonded carbon atoms. A second form called lonsdaleite, with hexagonal symmetry, has also been found, but it is extremely rare and forms only in meteorites or in laboratory synthesis. The local environment of each atom is ...
The collision of a dwarf planet and an asteroid 4.5 billion years ago resulted in space diamonds in meteorites eventually landing on Earth.
Planetary Instrument for X-Ray Lithochemistry (PIXL) is an X-ray fluorescence spectrometer to determine the fine scale elemental composition of Martian surface materials designed for the Perseverance rover as part of the Mars 2020 mission. [1] [2] PIXL is manufactured and made by NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory.
Researchers are investigating the effect of the station's near-weightless environment on the evolution, development, growth and internal processes of plants and animals. In response to some of this data, NASA wants to investigate microgravity 's effects on the growth of three-dimensional, human-like tissues, and the unusual protein crystals ...
dependence of risk on dose-rates in space related to the biology of DNA repair, cell regulation and tissue responses; predicting solar particle events (SPEs) extrapolation from experimental data to humans and between human populations; individual radiation sensitivity factors (genetic, epigenetic, dietary or "healthy worker" effects)