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The voiced alveolar approximant is a type of consonantal sound used in some spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents the alveolar and postalveolar approximants is ɹ , a lowercase letter r rotated 180 degrees. The equivalent X-SAMPA symbol is r\.
Schematic mid-sagittal section. Features of the voiced retroflex sibilant: Its manner of articulation is sibilant fricative, which means it is generally produced by channeling air flow along a groove in the back of the tongue up to the place of articulation, at which point it is focused against the sharp edge of the nearly clenched teeth, causing high-frequency turbulence.
Schematic mid-sagittal section. Features of the voiceless retroflex fricative: Its manner of articulation is sibilant fricative, which means it is generally produced by channeling air flow along a groove in the back of the tongue up to the place of articulation, at which point it is focused against the sharp edge of the nearly clenched teeth, causing high-frequency turbulence.
The voiceless uvular fricative is a type of consonantal sound that is used in some spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is χ , the Greek chi. The sound is represented by x̣ (ex with underdot), or sometimes by x̌ (ex with caron), in Americanist phonetic notation.
The voiced postalveolar or palato-alveolar fricative is a type of consonantal sound used in some spoken languages.The International Phonetic Association uses the term voiced postalveolar fricative only for the sound [ʒ], [1] but it also describes the voiced postalveolar non-sibilant fricative [ɹ̠˔], for which there are significant perceptual differences, as one is a sibilant and one is not.
The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is ɳ , and the equivalent X-SAMPA symbol is n`. Like all the retroflex consonants , the IPA symbol is formed by adding a rightward-pointing hook extending from the bottom of an en (the letter used for the corresponding alveolar consonant ).
The voiced palatal lateral approximant is a type of consonantal sound used in some spoken languages.The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is ʎ , a rotated lowercase letter y , and the equivalent X-SAMPA symbol is L.
Typically, the diacritic is omitted, so that the sound is transcribed simply with ɹ or ɻ (in broader transcriptions: r ), as if it were a coronal consonant. Just as [ɣ̞] described below, the velar bunched approximant is not specified for rounding. In Dutch, this type of r is called Gooise r [ˌɣoːisə ˈʔɛr] 'Gooi r'.