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Thiamine was the first of the water-soluble vitamins to be isolated. [72] The earliest observations in humans and in chickens had shown that diets of primarily polished white rice caused beriberi, but did not attribute it to the absence of a previously unknown essential nutrient. [73] [74]
Oat flour can be substituted one for one with regular flour, but only when measured by weight (most people measure by volume). If measuring by volume, try using one and a quarter cup of oat flour ...
The germ is the embryo of the seed that contains B vitamins and trace minerals. Because the germ has a fat content of 10%, [citation needed] it may reduce shelf-life. [citation needed] Thus, it is separated to ensure longer shelf life of the flour. In contrast to enriched flour, whole wheat flour contains both the bran and the germ.
Dry bulk ingredients, such as sugar and flour, are measured by weight in most of the world ("250 g flour"), and by volume in North America ("1 ⁄ 2 cup flour"). Small quantities of salt and spices are generally measured by volume worldwide, as few households have sufficiently precise balances to measure by weight.
Bread Flour. Comparing bread flour versus all-purpose flour, the former has the highest protein content of the refined wheat flours, clocking in at up to 14 percent.
Fortification is present in common food items in two different ways: adding back and addition. Flour loses nutritional value due to the way grains are processed; enriched flour has iron, folic acid, niacin, riboflavin, and thiamine added back to it. Conversely, other fortified foods have micronutrients added to them that don't naturally occur ...
Humans require thirteen vitamins in their diet, most of which are actually groups of related molecules (e.g. vitamin E includes tocopherols and tocotrienols): [20] vitamins A, C, D, E, K, thiamine (B 1), riboflavin (B 2), niacin (B 3), pantothenic acid (B 5), pyridoxine (B 6), biotin (B 7), folate (B 9), and cobalamin (B 12). The requirement ...
For precise details about vitamins and mineral contents, the USDA source can be used. [1] To use the tables, click on "show" or "hide" at the far right for each food category. In the Measure column, "t" = teaspoon and "T" = tablespoon. In the food nutrient columns, the letter "t" indicates that only a trace amount is available.