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The design of crystal structures with desired properties is the ultimate goal of crystal engineering. Crystal engineering principles have been applied to the design of non-linear optical materials, especially those with second harmonic generation (SHG) properties. Using supramolecular synthons, supramolecular gels have been designed. [19] [20]
Equipment for the main industrial processes for crystallization. Tank crystallizers. Tank crystallization is an old method still used in some specialized cases. Saturated solutions, in tank crystallization, are allowed to cool in open tanks. After a period of time the mother liquor is drained and the crystals removed.
The first crystal structure of a macromolecule was solved in 1958, a three-dimensional model of the myoglobin molecule obtained by X-ray analysis. [15] The Protein Data Bank (PDB) is a freely accessible repository for the structures of proteins and other biological macromolecules.
Single crystals are essential in research especially condensed-matter physics and all aspects of materials science such as surface science. [2] The detailed study of the crystal structure of a material by techniques such as Bragg diffraction and helium atom scattering is easier with single crystals because it is possible to study directional ...
The above mechanism considered crystallization from the melt, which is important for injection molding of plastic components. Another type of crystallization occurs upon extrusion used in making fibers and films. In this process, the polymer is forced through, e.g., a nozzle that creates tensile stress which partially aligns its molecules. Such ...
Developing protein crystals is a difficult process influenced by many factors, including pH, temperature, ionic strength in the crystallization solution, and even gravity. [3] Once formed, these crystals can be used in structural biology to study the molecular structure of the protein, particularly for various industrial or medical purposes. [4 ...
Silicon crystal being grown by the Czochralski method at Raytheon, 1956. The induction heating coil is visible, and the end of the crystal is just emerging from the melt. The technician is measuring the temperature with an optical pyrometer. The crystals produced by this early apparatus, used in an early Si plant, were only one inch in diameter.
Crystallographic analysis reveals that the solid consists of [trans-NiCl 2 (H 2 O) 4] subunits that are hydrogen bonded to each other as well as two additional molecules of H 2 O. Thus one third of the water molecules in the crystal are not directly bonded to Ni 2+, and these might be termed "water of crystallization".