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1686, Polish, the Minsk tafsir, first suras were written in Turkish, but from the 19th and onwards they were written in Polish using the Arabic alphabet, translation by Tatars. 1698, Latin , a third Latin translation from Arabic, extensively annotated, sometimes from a Christian perspective, preceded by a biography of the Prophet and a ...
In his 1969 book, C. Dandapani Desikar cites the work Studies in Tamil Literature, which lists several historical evidences about Valluvar's period: [4] Elaela Singan Chettiyar , historically known as a contemporary and friend of Valluvar, who has been mentioned as Elaela and Alara in Ceylon history , lived between 144 BCE and 101 BCE.
'sacred verses'), or shortly the Kural (Tamil: குறள்), is a classic Tamil language text on commoner's morality consisting of 1,330 short couplets, or kurals, of seven words each. [4] The text is divided into three books with aphoristic teachings on virtue , wealth and love , respectively.
The Kural remains the most reviewed work of the Tamil literature, with almost every scholar down the ages having written commentaries on it.Of the several hundred commentaries written on the didactic work over the centuries, the commentaries written by a group of ten medieval scholars are considered to have high literary value.
Beschi, the earliest known translator of the Kural text Tamil Wisdom, by Edward Jewitt Robinson, 1873 [1]. The Kural text, considered to have been written in the 1st century BCE, [2] remained unknown to the outside world for close to one and a half millennia.
With the exception of Avvaiyar and Idaikkadar, both of whom composed their verses in Kural venpa metre (couplet form), all the 53 poets have written their composition in the Venpa form. [18] The Tiruvalluva Malai refers to the Kural text mostly as Muppāl, a name preferred by Tiruvalluvar himself. The name appears in 15 different places ...
Various theories have been put forward; they were a secret communication language between Allah and Muhammad, abbreviations of various names or attributes of Allah, [169] [170] symbols of the versions of the Quran belonging to different companions, elements of a secret coding system, [171] or expressions containing esoteric meanings. [172]
Written in High Tamil distich form, it has 38 chapters each containing 10 kurals or couplets, making a total of 380 couplets, all dealing with the fundamental virtues of an individual. Aṟam , the Tamil term that loosely corresponds to the English term 'virtue', correlates with the first of the four ancient Indian values of dharma , artha ...