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The complexity enters when calculating intersections at points of tangency, and intersections which are not just points, but have higher dimension. For example, if a plane is tangent to a surface along a line, the intersection number along the line should be at least two. These questions are discussed systematically in intersection theory.
The + and invariants keep track of how curves change under these transformations and deformations. The + invariant increases by 2 when a direct self-tangency move creates new self-intersection points (and decreases by 2 when such points are eliminated), while decreases by 2 when an inverse self-tangency move creates new intersections (and increases by 2 when they are eliminated).
Trivial topology; Cofinite topology; Finer topology; Product topology. Restricted product; Quotient space; Unit interval; Continuum (topology) Extended real number line; Long line (topology) Sierpinski space; Cantor set, Cantor space, Cantor cube; Space-filling curve; Topologist's sine curve; Uniform norm; Weak topology; Strong topology ...
One says that “the affine plane does not have a good intersection theory”, and intersection theory on non-projective varieties is much more difficult. A line on a P 1 × P 1 (which can also be interpreted as the non-singular quadric Q in P 3 ) has self-intersection 0 , since a line can be moved off itself.
The term topology was introduced by Johann Benedict Listing in the 19th century, although it was not until the first decades of the 20th century that the idea of a topological space was developed. This is a list of topology topics. See also: Topology glossary; List of topologies; List of general topology topics; List of geometric topology topics
Set-theoretic topology is a subject that combines set theory and general topology. It focuses on topological questions that are independent of Zermelo–Fraenkel set theory (ZFC). A famous problem is the normal Moore space question, a question in general topology that was the subject of intense research. The answer to the normal Moore space ...
A three-dimensional model of a figure-eight knot.The figure-eight knot is a prime knot and has an Alexander–Briggs notation of 4 1.. Topology (from the Greek words τόπος, 'place, location', and λόγος, 'study') is the branch of mathematics concerned with the properties of a geometric object that are preserved under continuous deformations, such as stretching, twisting, crumpling ...
Pontryagin number; Stiefel–Whitney class; Poincaré conjecture; Cohomology operation. Steenrod algebra; Bott periodicity theorem; K-theory. Topological K-theory; Adams operation; Algebraic K-theory; Whitehead torsion; Twisted K-theory; Cobordism; Thom space; Suspension functor; Stable homotopy theory; Spectrum (homotopy theory) Morava K ...
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