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The entrance pupil is an image of the aperture stop formed by the optics in the front of it, and the location and size of the pupil are determined by chief rays and marginal rays, respectively. A meridional ray or tangential ray is a ray that is confined to the plane containing the system's optical axis and the object point from which the ray ...
Gamma rays, at the high-frequency end of the spectrum, have the highest photon energies and the shortest wavelengths—much smaller than an atomic nucleus. Gamma rays, X-rays, and extreme ultraviolet rays are called ionizing radiation because their high photon energy is able to ionize atoms, causing chemical reactions. Longer-wavelength ...
As light travels through space, it oscillates in amplitude. In this image, each maximum amplitude crest is marked with a plane to illustrate the wavefront. The ray is the arrow perpendicular to these parallel surfaces. A light ray is a line or curve that is perpendicular to the light's wavefronts (and is therefore collinear with the wave vector).
The observation and study of optical phenomena such as rainbows and the aurora borealis offer many clues as to the nature of light. A transparent object allows light to transmit or pass through. Conversely, an opaque object does not allow light to transmit through and instead reflecting or absorbing the light it receives.
The rays represent luminous intensity, which varies according to Lambert's cosine law for an ideal diffuse reflector. Diffuse reflection is the reflection of light or other waves or particles from a surface such that a ray incident on the surface is scattered at many angles rather than at just one angle as in the case of specular reflection.
Image showing recursively generated rays from the "eye" (and through an image plane) to a light source after encountering two diffuse surfaces. To the right is an image showing a simple example of a path of rays recursively generated from the camera (or eye) to the light source using the above algorithm.
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[2] Transparency can provide almost perfect camouflage for animals able to achieve it. This is easier in dimly-lit or turbid seawater than in good illumination. Many marine animals such as jellyfish are highly transparent. Comparisons of 1. opacity, 2. translucency, and 3. transparency; behind each panel (from top to bottom: grey, red, white ...