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For example, uncaging glutamate is useful for finding excitatory connections between neurons, since the uncaged glutamate mimics the natural synaptic activity of one neuron impinging upon another. The other major photostimulation method is the use of light to activate a light-sensitive protein such as rhodopsin , which can then excite the cell ...
Concerns have been raised in the literature about brain stimulation techniques that rely upon low-level (low-power) lasers and light-emitting diodes (LEDs). The transcranial photobiomodulation or transcranial low level light therapy is limited in neuromodulation due to several reasons: An excessive dose of radiation can be harmful. [21]
Photobiomodulation therapy (PBMT) uses low-power densities and is characterized by its non-heat producing effects, a feature previously associated only with laser light. [11] Nowadays, low-level LED lights offer a cost-effective alternative, expanding the accessibility and application of this therapeutic approach.
Responsive neurostimulation device is a medical device that senses changes in a person's body and uses neurostimulation to respond in the treatment of disease. The FDA has approved devices for use in the United States in the treatment of epileptic seizures [ 1 ] and chronic pain [ 2 ] conditions.
Photodynamic therapy is also used to relieve symptoms of some cancers, including esophageal cancer when it blocks the throat and non-small cell lung cancer when it blocks the airways. [ 26 ] When cells that have absorbed photosensitizers are exposed to a specific wavelength of light, the photosensitizer produces a form of oxygen, called an ...
Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) is a form of neuromodulation that uses constant, low direct current delivered via electrodes on the head. This type of neurotherapy was originally developed to help patients with brain injuries or neuropsychiatric conditions such as major depressive disorder.
Some brain implants involve creating interfaces between neural systems and computer chips. This work is part of a wider research field called brain–computer interfaces. (Brain–computer interface research also includes technology such as EEG arrays that allow interface between mind and machine but do not require direct implantation of a device.)
The visual system is organized hierarchically, with anatomical areas that have specialized functions in visual processing. Low-level visual processing is concerned with determining different types of contrast among images projected onto the retina whereas high-level visual processing refers to the cognitive processes that integrate information from a variety of sources into the visual ...