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Clark's rule is a medical term referring to a mathematical formula used to calculate the proper dosage of medicine for children aged 2–17 based on the weight of the patient and the appropriate adult dose. [1] The formula was named after Cecil Belfield Clarke (1894–1970), a Barbadian physician who practiced throughout the UK, the West Indies ...
Acute use (1–3 days) yields a potency about 1.5× stronger than that of morphine and chronic use (7 days+) yields a potency about 2.5 to 5× that of morphine. Similarly, the effect of tramadol increases after consecutive dosing due to the accumulation of its active metabolite and an increase of the oral bioavailability in chronic use.
The behavioral response to stimulants in children is similar regardless of whether they have ADHD or not. [38] Stimulant medication is an effective treatment [39] for adult attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder [40] [41] although the response rate may be lower for adults than children. [42]
The immediate-release and extended release variants of salts of both isomers reach peak plasma concentrations at 3 hours and 7 hours post-dose respectively. [20] Amphetamine is eliminated via the kidneys , with 30–40% of the drug being excreted unchanged at normal urinary pH. [ 20 ]
Methylphenidate taken by mouth has a bioavailability of 11–52% with a duration of action around 2–4 hours for instant-release (i.e. Ritalin), 3–8 hours for sustained-release (i.e. Ritalin SR), and 8–12 hours for extended-release (i.e. Concerta). The half-life of methylphenidate
It has moderate liability among addictive drugs; [36] [37] accordingly, addiction and psychological dependence are possible and likely when methylphenidate is used at high doses as a recreational drug. [37] When used above the medical dose range, stimulants are associated with the development of stimulant psychosis. [38]
Lisdexamfetamine, sold under the brand names Vyvanse and Elvanse among others, is a stimulant medication that is used to treat attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in children and adults and for moderate-to-severe binge eating disorder in adults. [16]
2-Fluoroamphetamine (2-FA) is a stimulant drug from the amphetamine family which has been sold as a designer drug. [ 1 ] 2-Fluoroamphetamine differs from 3- and 4-fluoroamphetamine in the position of the fluorine atom on the aromatic ring, making them positional isomers of one another.