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For avoiding pregnancy, the perfect-use failure rate of Creighton was 0.5%, which means that for each year that 1,000 couples using this method perfectly, that there are 5 unintended pregnancies. The typical-use failure rate, representing the fraction of couples using this method that actually had an unintended pregnancy, is reported as 3.2% ...
A laminaria stick or tent is a thin rod made of the stems of dried Laminaria, a genus of kelp. Laminaria sticks can be generated from Laminaria japonica [ 2 ] and Laminaria digitata . [ 3 ] Second generation dilators such as Dilapan-S are composed of polyacrylonitrile , a plastic polymer. [ 4 ]
This design was called the Push-Stick Osmotic Pump (PSOP), and utilized two separate drug layers with different concentrations of methylphenidate in addition to the (now quite robust) push layer. [1] [14] An illustration of the different inner components of a tablet of Concerta, a PSOP OROS design.
A pregnancy test is used to determine whether a female is pregnant or not. The two primary methods are testing for the female pregnancy hormone (human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG)) in blood or urine using a pregnancy test kit, and scanning with ultrasonography. [1] Testing blood for hCG results in the earliest detection of pregnancy. [2]
There are health risks to the woman in continuing the pregnancy (e.g. she has pre-eclampsia). Premature rupture of the membranes (PROM); this is when the membranes have ruptured, but labor does not start within a specific amount of time. [2] Premature termination of the pregnancy (abortion). Fetal death in utero and previous history of stillbirth.
The contraceptive sponge combines barrier and spermicidal methods to prevent conception.Sponges work in two ways. First, the sponge is inserted into the vagina, so it can cover the cervix and prevent any sperm from entering the uterus.
Birth control, also known as contraception, anticonception, and fertility control, is the use of methods or devices to prevent pregnancy. [1] [2] Birth control has been used since ancient times, but effective and safe methods of birth control only became available in the 20th century. [3]
Figure from a 2017 Nature Communications paper describing an extra-uterine life support system, or "biobag", used to grow lamb fetuses. [1]An artificial womb or artificial uterus is a device that would allow for extracorporeal pregnancy, [2] by growing a fetus outside the body of an organism that would normally carry the fetus to term. [3]