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For example, consider radical bromination of toluene: [5] bromination of toluene with hydrobromic acid and hydrogen peroxide in water. This reaction takes place on water instead of an organic solvent and the bromine is obtained from oxidation of hydrobromic acid with hydrogen peroxide. An incandescent light bulb suffices to radicalize.
In chemistry, halogenation is a chemical reaction which introduces one or more halogens into a chemical compound. Halide-containing compounds are pervasive, making this type of transformation important, e.g. in the production of polymers, drugs. [1] This kind of conversion is in fact so common that a comprehensive overview is challenging.
Toluene (or methylbenzene) is a common chemical found in chemistry laboratories. An alkylbenzene is a chemical compound that contains a monocyclic aromatic ring attaching to one or more saturated hydrocarbon chains. [1] Alkylbenzenes are derivatives of benzene, in which one or more hydrogen atoms are replaced by alkyl groups.
For alkylbenzene derivatives, e.g. toluene, the alkyl positions tend to be halogenated by free radical conditions, whereas ring halogenation is favored in the presence of Lewis acids. [6] The decolouration of bromine water by electron-rich arenes is used in the bromine test. Reaction between benzene and halogen to form an halogenobenzene
In organic chemistry, an electrophilic aromatic halogenation is a type of electrophilic aromatic substitution. This organic reaction is typical of aromatic compounds and a very useful method for adding substituents to an aromatic system.
Regiochemistry follows from the reaction mechanism, which exhibits halogen attack on the least-hindered unsaturated carbon. The mechanism for this chain reaction resembles free radical halogenation, in which the peroxide promotes formation of the bromine radical. However, this process is restricted to addition of HBr.
An example is the conversion of alkyl chloride into alkyl fluoride: C 3 H 5-Cl + NaF → R-F + NaCl. This kind of reaction is called Finkelstein reaction. [2] However, it is also possible, for example, to produce phosphorus fluoride compounds by transhalogenating chlorine, bromine or iodine bound to phosphorus with a metal fluoride. [3]
An example of the Hell–Volhard–Zelinsky reaction can be seen in the preparation of alanine from propionic acid.In the first step, a combination of bromine and phosphorus tribromide is used in the Hell–Volhard–Zelinsky reaction to prepare 2-bromopropionic acid, [3] which in the second step is converted to a racemic mixture of the amino acid product by ammonolysis.