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Earth cutaway from core to exosphere Geothermal drill machine in Wisconsin, USA. Temperature within Earth increases with depth. Highly viscous or partially molten rock at temperatures between 650 and 1,200 °C (1,200 and 2,200 °F) are found at the margins of tectonic plates, increasing the geothermal gradient in the vicinity, but only the outer core is postulated to exist in a molten or fluid ...
The five components of the climate system all interact. They are the atmosphere, the hydrosphere, the cryosphere, the lithosphere and the biosphere. [1]: 1451 Earth's climate system is a complex system with five interacting components: the atmosphere (air), the hydrosphere (water), the cryosphere (ice and permafrost), the lithosphere (earth's upper rocky layer) and the biosphere (living things).
The thickness of the lithosphere is thus considered to be the depth to the isotherm associated with the transition between brittle and viscous behavior. [2] The temperature at which olivine becomes ductile (~1,000 °C or 1,830 °F) is often used to set this isotherm because olivine is generally the weakest mineral in the upper mantle. [3]
Lithosphere underlying ocean crust has a thickness of around 100 km (62 mi), whereas lithosphere underlying continental crust generally has a thickness of 150–200 km (93–124 mi). [5] The lithosphere and overlying crust make up tectonic plates, which move over the asthenosphere. Below the asthenosphere, the mantle is again relatively rigid.
Thermal subsidence can occur anywhere in which a temperature differential exists between a section of the lithosphere and its surroundings. There are a variety of contributing factors that can initiate thermal subsidence or affect the process as it is ongoing. [1]
Interaction of the asthenosphere, lithosphere, and surface though the mantle process of subduction at an oceanic-continental plate boundary. Volcanism which originates from the mantle occurs on the surface. Interaction of the asthenosphere, lithosphere, and surface through the mantle process of slab break-off. Grey indicates crust, purple ...
They are the atmosphere, the hydrosphere, the cryosphere, the lithosphere and the biosphere. [28]: 1451 Earth's climate system is a complex system with five interacting components: the atmosphere (air), the hydrosphere (water), the cryosphere (ice and permafrost), the lithosphere (earth's upper rocky layer) and the biosphere (living things).
However, a thin 5-km-thick lithosphere cannot withstand the large stress of 6 kbar exerted by a 10 km×10 km mountain. [2] [8] To compare, the maximum stress that the lithosphere of the Earth can withstand is 2 kbar. [2] Thus, Io requires a thicker lithosphere to bear the overwhelming stresses imposed by globally distributed mountains. [2]