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Starting in the 1920s, H. D. Skinner and others overturned the hypothesis about a pre-Māori people by showing the continuation and adaptation of the 'Archaic' Māori culture into the 'Classic' Māori culture. This negated the need for pre-Māori settlement in models of prehistoric New Zealand.
Some of the early European settlers learned the Māori language and recorded Māori mythology, including George Grey, Governor of New Zealand from 1845 to 1855 and 1861–1868. [ 72 ] A portrait of Māori man, by Gottfried Lindauer , 1882 Tāwhiao , the second Māori King
Traditional Māori religion, that is, the pre-European belief-system of the Māori, differed little from that of their perceived homeland, Hawaiki Nui, aka Raʻiātea or Raiatea, conceiving of everything – including natural elements and all living things – as connected by common descent through whakapapa or genealogy.
[194] [195] However, Māori have a wide range of life expectancies across regions: Māori living in the Marlborough region have the highest life expectancy at 79.9 years for males and 83.4 years for females, while Māori living in the Gisborne region have the lowest life expectancy at 71.2 years for males and 75.2 years for females. [195]
Moko facial tattoos were traditional in Māori culture until about the mid-19th century, when their use began to disappear. There has been something of a revival from the late 20th century. In pre-European Māori culture, they denoted high social status. Generally only men had full facial moko. High-ranked women often had moko on their lips and ...
The ability of pre-contact Māori to manage resources and foresee ecological collapses has been the source of much debate. [2] [41] Natural fires were rare in New Zealand, yet much of the country was covered in dry forest, early Māori didn't protect fire-prone areas and there is no evidence of systematic burning of less fire-prone ones. [42]
European settlers were still arriving well into the 20th century, with Department of Health statistics showing that post-1900, tuberculosis was still the main cause of unnatural death among them. [8] The 1906–1908 Native Land Commission, headed by Robert Stout and Āpirana Ngata , encouraged the sale of unoccupied or seemingly underdeveloped ...
Initially European contact was made by sealers in the 1790s and then whalers, both being focused in the lower harbour around Otakou. Both Ōtepoti and Puketai were abandoned by 1826 reflecting the massive loss of life from measles, population displacements from the Musket Wars and the new economic opportunities provided by Europeans. [4] [5] [3]