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Lapping is a machining process in which two surfaces are rubbed together with an abrasive between them, by hand movement or using a machine. Lapping often follows other subtractive processes with more aggressive material removal as a first step, such as milling and/or grinding .
In manufacturing and mechanical engineering, flatness is an important geometric condition for workpieces and tools.Flatness is the condition of a surface or derived median plane having all elements in one plane.
Types of lapping include planetary lapping, double-sided lapping, and cylindrical lapping. [2] During polishing, the lens may be tested to confirm that the desired shape is being produced, and to ensure that the final shape has the correct form to within the allowed precision.
Optical flats in case. About 2.5 centimetres (1 in) in diameter. The third flat from the left is standing on edge, showing the thickness. A λ/20 optical flat that has been coated with aluminum, making a first-surface mirror Two optical flats tested using 589 nm laser-light.
Broaching is a machining process that uses a toothed tool, called a broach, to remove material.There are two main types of broaching: linear and rotary.In linear broaching, which is the more common process, the broach is run linearly against a surface of the workpiece to produce the cut.
In manufacturing, threading is the process of creating a screw thread.More screw threads are produced each year than any other machine element. [1] There are many methods of generating threads, including subtractive methods (many kinds of thread cutting and grinding, as detailed below); deformative or transformative methods (rolling and forming; molding and casting); additive methods (such as ...
BLISTERS MIGHT NOT seem like a big deal—until you get one and remember how debilitating they can be. These painful skin lesions are caused by friction when your skin rubs against your shoes ...
The technology is relatively young, having appeared in the 1980s. In the industry, production lapping is being replaced by flat honing in an ever-expanding array of applications. The flat honing process allows for an equivalent quality result, but at a significant reduction in manufacturing costs per workpiece.