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Russell’s (1980) Circumplex Model. James Russell developed a circumplex model based on subjective feelings (see Figure 5). In an early study, Russell (1980) asked participants to sort 28 emotion words into categories based on perceived similarity.
The Two-dimensional Approach: Circumplex Model. The dimensional approach differentiates between emotions according to two or more characteristics that are given some value for all emotions. The Circumplex model has two such dimensions: valence and activity (Russell, 1980).
The Olson Circumplex Model (Olson, 2000) conceptualises flexibility, cohesion and communication skills as three central variables that define family interactions.
One particular dimensional approach, termed the circumplex model of affect, proposes that all affective states arise from two fundamental neurophysiological systems, one related to valence (a pleasure–displeasure continuum) and the other to arousal, or alertness (Russell, 1980).
This article provides an overview of the Circumplex Model and how it was developed and describes the three major dimensions (cohesion, flexibility, and communication) and how they were used to create the model.
The model contains a total of eight coping styles forming a circumplex: positive emotional coping, efficiency, problem solving, preoccupation with the problem, negative emotional coping, helplessness, problem avoidance, and hedonic disengagement.
The Circumplex Model focuses on the three central dimensions of marital and family systems: cohesion, flexibility and communication. The major hypothesis of the Circumplex Model is that balanced couple and family systems tend to be more functional compared to unbalanced systems.