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mRNA in vitro transcription, innate and adaptive immunity activation. An mRNAvaccine is a type of vaccine that uses a copy of a molecule called messenger RNA (mRNA) to produce an immune response. [ 1 ] The vaccine delivers molecules of antigen -encoding mRNA into cells, which use the designed mRNA as a blueprint to build foreign protein that ...
SM-102 is a synthetic amino lipid which is used in combination with other lipids to form lipid nanoparticles. [1] These are used for the delivery of mRNA-based vaccines, [2][3][4] and in particular SM-102 forms part of the drug delivery system for the Moderna COVID-19 vaccine. [5][6][7] Lipid nanoparticles are an extension of earlier RNA ...
The vaccine is produced by creating an engineered baculovirus containing a gene for a modified SARS-CoV-2 spike protein. [51] The spike protein was modified by incorporating two proline amino acids in order to stabilize the pre-fusion form of the protein; this same 2P modification is being used in several other COVID‑19 vaccines. [52]
DNA vaccine and Gene therapy techniques are similar. DNA vaccines have been introduced into animal tissues by multiple methods. In 1999, the two most popular approaches were injection of DNA in saline: by using a standard hypodermic needle, or by using a gene gun delivery. [31] Several other techniques have been documented in the intervening years.
A lipid nanoparticle is typically spherical with an average diameter between 10 and 1000 nanometers. Solid lipid nanoparticles possess a solid lipid core matrix that can solubilize lipophilic molecules. The lipid core is stabilized by surfactants (emulsifiers). The emulsifier used depends on administration routes and is more limited for ...
Matrix-M is a vaccine adjuvant, a substance that is added to various vaccines to stimulate the immune response. [1][2][3] It was patented in 2020 by Novavax [4] and is composed of nanoparticles from saponins extracted from Quillaja saponaria (soapbark) trees, cholesterol, and phospholipids. [5][6][7] It is an immune stimulating complex (ISCOM ...
Hemagglutinin (influenza) Influenza hemagglutinin (HA) or haemagglutinin[p] (British English) is a homotrimeric glycoprotein found on the surface of influenza viruses and is integral to its infectivity. Hemagglutinin is a Class I Fusion Protein, having multifunctional activity as both an attachment factor and membrane fusion protein.
Liposome. Scheme of a liposome formed by phospholipids in an aqueous solution. Liposomes are composite structures made of phospholipids and may contain small amounts of other molecules. Though liposomes can vary in size from low micrometer range to tens of micrometers, unilamellar liposomes, as pictured here, are typically in the lower size ...