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The term modernism—generally used by critics of rather than adherents to positions associated with it—came to prominence in Pope Pius X's 1907 encyclical Pascendi Dominici gregis, where he condemned modernism as "the synthesis of all heresies". [2]
This was followed a year later by the encyclical Pascendi dominici gregis ("Feeding the Lord's Flock"), which characterized modernism as the "synthesis of all heresies". The documents made Loisy realise that there was no hope for reconciliation of his views with official Catholic doctrine.
Christian churches have responded to heresies in a variety of ways, including through theological debate, excommunication, and even violence. [1] This is a list of some of the Christian heresies that have been condemned by one or more Christian Churches.
There are about 1.17 billion Protestants worldwide, constituting nearly half of all Christians. [44] [45] among approximately 1.5–2.1 billion Christians. [46] [47] In addition to the Five Solas, most Protestants disbelieve transubstantiation. See Eucharistic heresies below. Calvinism
Heresies Exposed 1st Edition 1917, (published as Timely Warnings), 2nd edition 1919 (published as Modern Heresies Exposed), 3rd edition 1921 (as Heresies Exposed), 4th edition 1923 (ditto), fifth edition 1927 (Rewritten and Enlarged), 6th edition 1929 (again enlarged), 7th edition 1930 (again enlarged), reprint 1932, 8th edition 1935 (Revised and Enlarged), 9th edition 1937, 10th edition 1935 ...
Liberal Christianity, also known as liberal theology and historically as Christian Modernism (see Catholic modernism and Fundamentalist–Modernist controversy), [1] is a movement that interprets Christian teaching by prioritizing modern knowledge, science and ethics. It emphasizes the importance of reason and experience over doctrinal authority.
The Oath Against Modernism was instituted by Pope Pius X in his motu proprio Sacrorum antistitum on September 1, 1910. The oath was required of "all clergy , pastors , confessors , preachers , religious superiors , and professors in philosophical-theological seminaries " [ 1 ] of the Catholic Church .
[2] Writing in The Guardian, Alyssa McDonald called Gay's book an intelligent study that "offers an incredibly broad picture of its subject" and an "intellectually rich...expansive cultural study", [1] and the historian Richard J. Evans described it as a "brilliant account covering all the arts in the 20th century". [5]