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The Internet checksum, [1] [2] also called the IPv4 header checksum is a checksum used in version 4 of the Internet Protocol (IPv4) to detect corruption in the header of IPv4 packets. It is carried in the IPv4 packet header, and represents the 16-bit result of the summation of the header words. [3] The IPv6 protocol does not use header checksums.
The range header is used by HTTP clients to enable resuming of interrupted downloads, or split a download into multiple simultaneous streams. 207 Multi-Status (WebDAV; RFC 4918) The message body that follows is by default an XML message and can contain a number of separate response codes, depending on how many sub-requests were made.
Low-density parity-check (LDPC) codes are a class of highly efficient linear block codes made from many single parity check (SPC) codes. They can provide performance very close to the channel capacity (the theoretical maximum) using an iterated soft-decision decoding approach, at linear time complexity in terms of their block length.
A server uses "Alt-Svc" header (meaning Alternative Services) to indicate that its resources can also be accessed at a different network location (host or port) or using a different protocol When using HTTP/2, servers should instead send an ALTSVC frame. [50] Alt-Svc: http/1.1="http2.example.com:8001"; ma=7200: Permanent Cache-Control
The content of such spam may often vary in its details, which would render normal checksumming ineffective. By contrast, a "fuzzy checksum" reduces the body text to its characteristic minimum, then generates a checksum in the usual manner. This greatly increases the chances of slightly different spam emails producing the same checksum.
A checksum of a message is a modular arithmetic sum of message code words of a fixed word length (e.g., byte values). The sum may be negated by means of a ones'-complement operation prior to transmission to detect unintentional all-zero messages. Checksum schemes include parity bits, check digits, and longitudinal redundancy checks.
Version: 4 bits; Version == 2 Extension header version. Reserved: 12 bits; Reserved == 0 Reserved. Checksum: 16 bits Checksum over this header and all extension objects. This field itself is included, so it is set to zero while performing the calculation. Extension objects have the following general structure:
By far the most popular FCS algorithm is a cyclic redundancy check (CRC), used in Ethernet and other IEEE 802 protocols with 32 bits, in X.25 with 16 or 32 bits, in HDLC with 16 or 32 bits, in Frame Relay with 16 bits, [3] in Point-to-Point Protocol (PPP) with 16 or 32 bits, and in other data link layer protocols.