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The side view is an isosceles trapezoid. In first-angle projection, the front view is pushed back to the rear wall, and the right side view is pushed to the left wall, so the first-angle symbol shows the trapezoid with its shortest side away from the circles.
It is always possible to partition a concave polygon into a set of convex polygons. A polynomial-time algorithm for finding a decomposition into as few convex polygons as possible is described by Chazelle & Dobkin (1985). [5] A triangle can never be concave, but there exist concave polygons with n sides for any n > 3.
A polygon ear. One way to triangulate a simple polygon is based on the two ears theorem, as the fact that any simple polygon with at least 4 vertices without holes has at least two "ears", which are triangles with two sides being the edges of the polygon and the third one completely inside it. [5]
The sum of all the internal angles of a simple polygon is π(n−2) radians or 180(n–2) degrees, where n is the number of sides. The formula can be proved by using mathematical induction : starting with a triangle, for which the angle sum is 180°, then replacing one side with two sides connected at another vertex, and so on.
Polygons with only one concave vertex can always be fan triangulated, as long as the diagonals are drawn from the concave vertex. It can be known if a polygon can be fan triangulated by solving the Art gallery problem, in order to determine whether there is at least one vertex that is visible from every point in the polygon.
When the polygon has sides, this produces triangles, separated by diagonals. The resulting partition is called a polygon triangulation . [ 8 ] The shape of a triangulated simple polygon can be uniquely determined by the internal angles of the polygon and by the cross-ratios of the quadrilaterals formed by pairs of triangles that share a diagonal.
A concave bipyramid has a concave polygon base, and one example is a concave tetragonal bipyramid or an irregular concave octahedron. A bipyramid with an arbitrary polygonal base could be considered a right bipyramid if the apices are on a line perpendicular to the base passing through the base's centroid.
Some regular polygons are easy to construct with compass and straightedge; others are not. The ancient Greek mathematicians knew how to construct a regular polygon with 3, 4, or 5 sides, [1]: p. xi and they knew how to construct a regular polygon with double the number of sides of a given regular polygon.