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An antimicrobial is an agent that kills microorganisms (microbicide) ... Heavy metal cations such as Hg 2+ and Pb 2+ have antimicrobial activities, but can be toxic ...
Antibiotic misuse, sometimes called antibiotic abuse or antibiotic overuse, refers to the misuse or overuse of antibiotics, with potentially serious effects on ...
This will usually involve the use of a narrow-spectrum antibiotic. The choice of antibiotic given will also be based on its cost. Identification is critically important as it can reduce the cost and toxicity of the antibiotic therapy and also reduce the possibility of the emergence of antimicrobial resistance. [35]
[9] [10] MIC values provide a quantitative measure of an extract or compound's antimicrobial potency. The lower the MIC, the more potent the antimicrobial. [4] When in vitro toxicity data is available, MICs can also be used to calculate selectivity index values, a measure of off-target to target toxicity. [4]
Aminoglycosides can cause inner ear toxicity which can result in sensorineural hearing loss. [19] The incidence of inner ear toxicity varies from 7 to 90%, depending on the types of antibiotics used, susceptibility of the patient to such antibiotics, and the duration of antibiotic administration. [20]
Surfacine (silver iodide) is a relatively new antimicrobial for application to surfaces. Silver-impregnated wound dressings have proven especially useful against antibiotic-resistant bacteria. Silver nitrate is used as a hemostatic, antiseptic and astringent.
Antimicrobial agents can also have direct toxic effects on people and animals, including damage to kidneys, endocrine glands, liver, teeth and bones. Antimicrobial therapy is justified when the benefits outweigh these risks.
Quantitatively, it is the ratio given by the toxic dose divided by the therapeutic dose. A protective index is the toxic dose of a drug for 50% of the population (TD 50) divided by the minimum effective dose for 50% of the population (ED 50). A high protective index is preferable to a low one: this corresponds to a situation in which one would ...