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The testing effect (also known as retrieval practice, active recall, practice testing, or test-enhanced learning) [1] [2] [3] suggests long-term memory is increased when part of the learning period is devoted to retrieving information from memory. [4]
A practice effect is the outcome/performance change resulting from repeated testing. This is best described by the Power Law of Practice : If multiple levels or some other variable variation are tested repeatedly (which is the case in between-group experiments), the subjects within each sub-group become more familiarized with testing conditions ...
Baader–Meinhof effect; Barnum effect; Bezold effect; Birthday-number effect; Boomerang effect; Bouba/kiki effect; Bystander effect; Cheerleader effect; Cinderella effect; Cocktail party effect; Contrast effect; Coolidge effect; Crespi effect; Cross-race effect; Curse of knowledge; Diderot effect; Dunning–Kruger effect; Einstellung effect ...
This effect is most notable when dealing with semantic knowledge, but is also applicable to the acquisition of general skills. [4] With regards to distributed practice, increasing the amount of practice when learning will result in an increased priming effect for subsequent practice sessions.
The spacing effect demonstrates that learning is more effective when study sessions are spaced out. This effect shows that more information is encoded into long-term memory by spaced study sessions, also known as spaced repetition or spaced presentation, than by massed presentation ("cramming").
Retrieval-induced forgetting (RIF) is a memory phenomenon where remembering causes forgetting of other information in memory. The phenomenon was first demonstrated in 1994, although the concept of RIF has been previously discussed in the context of retrieval inhibition.
The worked-example effect is a learning effect predicted by cognitive load theory. [ 1 ] [ full citation needed ] Specifically, it refers to improved learning observed when worked examples are used as part of instruction, compared to other instructional techniques such as problem-solving [ 2 ] [ page needed ] and discovery learning.
Example graph of the power law, x axis represents time, y axis represents reaction time. The power law of practice states that the logarithm of the reaction time for a particular task decreases linearly with the logarithm of the number of practice trials taken. It is an example of the learning curve effect on performance.