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Functional medicine (FM) is a form of alternative medicine that encompasses a number of unproven and disproven methods and treatments. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] [ 3 ] It has been described as pseudoscience, [ 4 ] quackery , [ 5 ] and at its essence a rebranding of complementary and alternative medicine. [ 5 ]
Reviews from 2009 and 2011 have found no evidence sufficient to support the use of reflexology for any medical condition. [ 3 ] [ 14 ] A 2009 systematic review of randomized controlled trials concludes: "The best evidence available to date does not demonstrate convincingly that reflexology is an effective treatment for any medical condition."
Orthomolecular medicine is practiced by few medical practitioners. [ 51 ] [ 52 ] A survey released in May, 2004 by the National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine focused on who used alternative medicine , what was used, and why it was used in the United States by adults age 18 years and over during 2003.
However, the CAM review used the more developed 2004 Cochrane database, while the conventional review used the initial 1998 Cochrane database. [130] Alternative therapies do not "complement" (improve the effect of, or mitigate the side effects of) functional medical treatment.
As of 2011, approximately 26,000 practitioners had been given A4M certificates. [1] The field of anti-aging medicine is not recognized by established medical organizations, such as the American Board of Medical Specialties (ABMS) and the American Medical Association (AMA). The academy's activities include lobbying and public relations.
The Massachusetts Special Commission on Complementary and Alternative Medical Practitioners rejected their concerns and recommended licensure. [113] The Massachusetts Medical Society states: [63] Naturopathic medical school is not a medical school in anything but the appropriation of the word medical. Naturopathy is not a branch of medicine.
A 2010 systematic review stated that there is no good evidence to assume that neck manipulation is an effective treatment for any medical condition and suggested a precautionary principle in healthcare for chiropractic intervention even if a causality with vertebral artery dissection after neck manipulation were merely a remote possibility. [16]
Preventive healthcare strategies are described as taking place at the primal, [2] primary, [13] secondary, and tertiary prevention levels. Although advocated as preventive medicine in the early twentieth century by Sara Josephine Baker, [14] in the 1940s, Hugh R. Leavell and E. Gurney Clark coined the term primary prevention.