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La Gruyère was founded in 1882 by, among others, Simon Castella and Léon Glasson. Its first issue was printed 7 October 1882. Its first issue was printed 7 October 1882. It was founded in the Kulturkampf (a conflict between the church and state) period, and originally was founded as a party organ of the radical democratic political opposition.
During the second half of the 20th century, Grande Loge de France has steadily grown from 438 Lodges and 17,500 members in 1989 to 640 Lodges and 25,000 members in 1998. As of 2020 it accounts with 930 Lodges and over 33,000 members. The Grande Loge de France works the first three Degrees of the Ancient and Accepted Scottish Rite (A&ASR).
The Official Journal of the French Republic (French: Journal officiel de la République française), also known as the JORF or JO, is the government gazette of the French Republic. It publishes the major legal official information from the national Government of France, the French Parliament [2] [3] [4] and the French Constitutional Council. [5]
The Journal de Genève (JdG) was a French-language Swiss newspaper founded in 1826. In 1991, the Gazette de Lausanne was merged into it, after which it was titled the Journal de Genève et Gazette de Lausanne. Following financial difficulties that faced both papers, it was merged in March 1998 with the Le Nouveau Quotidien to form Le Temps.
Courrier du Grand-Duché de Luxembourg; Der Kampf; Journal de la ville et du Grand-Duché de Luxembourg; La Clef du cabinet des princes de l'Europe; Le Jeudi; Luxemburger Volksblatt (1880–87) Luxemburger Volksblatt (1901–02) Luxemburger Volksblatt (1933–41) Luxemburger Wochenblatt; Luxemburger Zeitung; Obermosel-Zeitung; De Peck-Villchen ...
The Grande Loge Nationale Française (French pronunciation: [ɡʁɑ̃d lɔʒ nasjɔnal fʁɑ̃sɛz], abbr. GLNF) is a French Masonic Grand Lodge.It was founded in 1913, by two lodges, "Le Centre des Amis" Lodge splitting from Grand Orient de France and "L'Anglaise" lodge, an independent lodge based in Bordeaux. [1]
During World War I, Le Journal was at the center of an intrigue involving Paul Bolo, the essence of which was that the German government was alleged to be attempting to gain influence in France and promote pacifist propaganda by buying French newspapers. It is understood that during part of its existence it was located at 100 Rue Richelieu Paris.
The Grand Orient de France (French pronunciation: [ɡʁɑ̃t‿ɔʁjɑ̃ də fʁɑ̃s], abbr. GODF) is the oldest and largest of several Freemasonic organizations based in France and is the oldest in Continental Europe (as it was formed out of an older Grand Lodge of France in 1773, and briefly absorbed the rump of the older body in 1799, allowing it to date its foundation to 1728 or 1733).