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The word "incumbent" is derived from the Latin verb incumbere, literally meaning "to lean or lay upon" with the present participle stem incumbent-, "leaning a variant of encumber, [1] while encumber is derived from the root cumber, [2] most appropriately defined: "To occupy obstructively or inconveniently; to block fill up with what hinders freedom of motion or action; to burden, load."
Organizational culture encompasses the shared norms, values, behaviors observed in schools, universities, not-for-profit groups, government agencies, and businesses reflecting their core values and strategic direction. [1] [2] Alternative terms include business culture, corporate culture and company culture. The term corporate culture emerged ...
Incumbent firms may have an exclusive right to use the brand name, making it expensive or impossible for new entrants to license rights to names. [10] Capital requirements - Many industries require the investment of large financial resources to start a new business, which deters new entrants. For example, new airlines require millions of ...
In a proxy fight, incumbent directors and management have the odds stacked in their favor over those trying to force the corporate change. [2] These incumbents use various corporate governance tactics to stay in power, including: staggering the boards (i.e., having different election years for different directors), controlling access to the ...
Strategic excess capacity may be established to either reduce the viability of entry for potential firms. [5] Excess capacity take place when an incumbent firm threatens to entrants of the possibility to increase their production output and establish an excess of supply, and then reduce the price to a level where the competing cannot contend.
Success is not a requirement and some business can be disruptive but fail; New firm's business model differs significantly from incumbent [17] Christensen continues to develop and refine the theory and has accepted that not all examples of disruptive innovation perfectly fit into his theory.
Tony Kippenberger (2002) elaborates on the leadership values that are deeply rooted in the Japanese business culture. These values were created by the late Konosuke Matsushita, the prominent entrepreneur of Matsushita's Electric Company, who cared deeply for the employees of his company as if they were family. Matsushita firmly believed that a ...
A high correlation between election and incumbency has been demonstrated in congressional races. The success rate of incumbent members of the U.S. House of Representatives seeking re-election averaged 93.5 percent during the 1960s and 1970s. [1] Statistically, the initial edge for the incumbent candidate is 2-4 percent of the vote. [2]