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The dominant account of extinction involves associative models. However, there is debate over whether extinction involves simply "unlearning" the unconditional stimulus (US) – Conditional stimulus (CS) association (e.g., the Rescorla–Wagner account) or, alternatively, a "new learning" of an inhibitory association that masks the original excitatory association (e.g., Konorski, Pearce and ...
Spontaneous recovery is a phenomenon of learning and memory that was first named and described by Ivan Pavlov in his studies of classical (Pavlovian) conditioning.In that context, it refers to the re-emergence of a previously extinguished conditioned response after a delay. [1]
Exposure therapy can be investigated in the laboratory using Pavlovian extinction paradigms. Using rodents such as rats or mice to study extinction allows for the investigation of underlying neurobiological mechanisms involved, as well as testing of pharmacological adjuncts to improve extinction learning. [69] [70]
Operant conditioning originated with Edward Thorndike, whose law of effect theorised that behaviors arise as a result of consequences as satisfying or discomforting. In the 20th century, operant conditioning was studied by behavioral psychologists, who believed that much of mind and behaviour is explained through environmental conditioning.
Extinction is not only when a previously learned value lessens, but also when a new association being created leads to a new value being learned. [15] However, this cannot be used to explain why desensitization works, as it solely describes the functional relationship between absent reinforcement and phobic responses and lacks an actual ...
The Siberian Traps was a vast area of volcanic activity in Eurasia that led to the biggest mass extinction 252 million years ago. The distant mountains are remains of basalt lava flows, and the ...
Catherine, Jaden, Anne, Phillip, Jamal and Esteban are some of the names that we'll be seeing less of in 2025, a new survey by BabyCenter has revealed.Other names falling in popularity include ...
The work caught the attention of NASA, which has a longstanding interest in understanding the factors that compel evolution and extinction on this planet — and, potentially, on others.