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In the public sector, ethics addresses the fundamental premise of a public administrator's duty as a "steward" to the public. In other words, it is the moral justification and consideration for decisions and actions made during the completion of daily duties when working to provide the general services of government and nonprofit organizations.
Accountability, in terms of ethics and governance, is equated with answerability, culpability, liability, and the expectation of account-giving. [ 1 ] As in an aspect of governance , it has been central to discussions related to problems in the public sector , nonprofit , private ( corporate ), and individual contexts.
Corporate accountability is the acknowledgement and assumption of responsibility for the consequences of a company's actions. It can be defined in narrowly financial terms, e.g. for a business to meet certain standards or address the regulatory requirements of its business activities. [ 1 ]
Business ethics operates on the premise, for example, that the ethical operation of a private business is possible—those who dispute that premise, such as libertarian socialists (who contend that "business ethics" is an oxymoron) do so by definition outside of the domain of business ethics proper.
Accountability and transparency are of high relevance for non-governmental organisations (NGOs). In view of their responsibilities to stakeholders, including donors, sponsors, programme beneficiaries, staff, states and the public, they are considered to be of even greater importance to them than to commercial undertakings. [ 12 ]
Accounting ethics is primarily a field of applied ethics and is part of business ethics and human ethics, the study of moral values and judgments as they apply to accountancy. It is an example of professional ethics .
A code of ethics sets out principles and rules to assist professionals and organisations to govern their implementation of the ideals of professional responsibility. [13] A code of ethics also establishes a general idea of the ethical standards for businesses or other organizations.
The New Public Service (NPS) is a newly developed theory for 21st-century citizen-focused public administration. [21] This work directly challenges the clientelism and rationalist paradigm of the New Public Management. NPS focuses on democratic governance and re-imagining the accountability of public administrators toward citizens.