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Vichy France was established on 10 July 1940 to govern the unoccupied part of France and its colonies. It was led by Philippe Pétain , the aging war hero of the First World War. Petain's representatives signed a harsh Armistice on 22 June, whereby Germany kept most of the French army in camps in Germany, and France had to pay out large sums in ...
The culture of France has been shaped by geography, by historical events, and by foreign and internal forces and groups. France, and in particular Paris, has played an important role as a center of high culture since the 17th century and from the 19th century on, worldwide. From the late 19th century, France has also played an important role in ...
France obtains Lille and other territories of Flanders from Spain. 1678: Treaties of Nijmegen: A series of treaties ending the Franco-Dutch War. France obtains the Franche-Comté and some cities in Flanders and Hainaut (from Spain). 1684: 15 August: Truce of Ratisbon: End of the War of the Reunions. France obtains further territories in the ...
Change in per capita GDP of France, 1820–2018. Figures are inflation-adjusted to 2011 international dollars. The economic history of France involves major events and trends, including the elaboration and extension of the seigneurial economic system (including the enserfment of peasants) in the medieval Kingdom of France, the development of the French colonial empire in the early modern ...
The term was first used and defined [2] by French historian Jules Michelet in his 1855 work Histoire de France (History of France). [1] Jules Michelet defined the 16th-century Renaissance in France as a period in Europe's cultural history that represented a break from the Middle Ages, creating a modern understanding of humanity and its place in ...
[10] France in the early modern era was increasingly centralised; the French language began to displace other languages from official use, and the monarch expanded his absolute power in the administrative system of the Ancien Régime, complicated by historic and regional irregularities in taxation, legal, judicial, and ecclesiastic divisions ...
Following industrialization and the French Revolution altered the social structure of France and the bourgeoisie became the new ruling class. The feudal nobility was on the decline with agricultural and land yields decreasing, and arranged marriages between noble and bourgeois family became increasingly common, fusing the two social classes together during the 19th century.