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  2. Lime softening - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lime_softening

    Lime softening (also known as lime buttering, lime-soda treatment, or Clark's process) [1] is a type of water treatment used for water softening, which uses the addition of limewater (calcium hydroxide) to remove hardness (deposits of calcium and magnesium salts) by precipitation.

  3. Water softening - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_softening

    Water softening is the removal of calcium, magnesium, and certain other metal cations in hard water. The resulting soft water requires less soap for the same cleaning effort, as soap is not wasted bonding with calcium ions.

  4. Soda–lime glass - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sodalime_glass

    The manufacturing process for soda–lime glass consists in melting the raw materials, which are the silica, soda (Na 2 O), hydrated lime (Ca(OH) 2), dolomite (CaMg(CO 3) 2, which provides the magnesium oxide), and aluminium oxide; along with small quantities of fining agents (e.g., sodium sulfate (Na 2 SO 4), sodium chloride (NaCl), etc.) in a glass furnace at temperatures locally up to 1675 ...

  5. Hard water - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hard_water

    A common method for water softening involves the use of ion-exchange resins, which replace ions like Ca 2+ by twice the number of mono cations such as sodium or potassium ions. Washing soda (sodium carbonate, Na 2 CO 3) is easily obtained and has long been used as a water softener for domestic laundry, in conjunction with the usual soap or ...

  6. Lists of physics equations - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lists_of_physics_equations

    In physics, there are equations in every field to relate physical quantities to each other and perform calculations. Entire handbooks of equations can only summarize most of the full subject, else are highly specialized within a certain field. Physics is derived of formulae only.

  7. Residual sodium carbonate index - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Residual_Sodium_Carbonate...

    To avoid scaling in water cooled heat exchangers, water is treated by lime and or soda ash to remove the water hardness. The following chemical reactions take place in lime soda softening process which precipitates the calcium and magnesium salts as calcium carbonate and magnesium hydroxide which have very low solubility in water.

  8. Thomas Clark (chemist) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Clark_(chemist)

    He became known for the discovery of the phosphate of soda, and the process of lime softening of hard water the 'Clark process'. A Clark degree (°Clark) of water hardness is defined as one grain (64.8 mg) of CaCO 3 per Imperial gallon (4.55 litres) of water, equivalent to 14.254 ppm. and 10^5 parts of water

  9. Soda lime - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soda_lime

    Soda lime canister used in anaesthetic machines to act as a carbon dioxide scrubber. Soda lime, a mixture of sodium hydroxide (NaOH) and calcium oxide (CaO), is used in granular form within recirculating breathing environments like general anesthesia and its breathing circuit, submarines, rebreathers, and hyperbaric chambers and underwater habitats.