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Indigestion is subcategorized as either "organic" or "functional dyspepsia", but making the diagnosis can prove challenging for physicians. [6] Organic indigestion is the result of an underlying disease, such as gastritis, peptic ulcer disease (an ulcer of the stomach or duodenum), or cancer. [6]
The H 2 receptor antagonists are a class of drugs used to block the action of histamine on parietal cells in the stomach, decreasing the production of acid by these cells. H 2 antagonists are used in the treatment of dyspepsia, although they have been surpassed in popularity by the more effective [1] proton pump inhibitors.
In gastroenterology, esophageal pH monitoring is the current gold standard for diagnosis of gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD). It provides direct physiologic measurement of acid in the esophagus and is the most objective method to document reflux disease, assess the severity of the disease and monitor the response of the disease to medical or surgical treatment.
Other common symptoms that stomach disease might cause include indigestion or dyspepsia, vomiting, and in chronic disease, digestive problems leading to forms of malnutrition. [5]: 850–853 In addition to routine tests, an endoscopy might be used to examine or take a biopsy from the stomach. [5]: 848
The standard surgical treatment for severe GERD is the Nissen fundoplication. In this procedure, the upper part of the stomach is wrapped around the lower esophageal sphincter to strengthen the sphincter and prevent acid reflux and to repair a hiatal hernia. [61] It is recommended only for those who do not improve with PPIs. [42]
These symptoms include: belching, heartburn, chest pain, abdominal discomfort, abdominal bloating, nausea, loss of appetite, and flatulence. Dyspepsia itself is not an illness, rather it is an indicator of chronic underlying gastrointestinal issues such as peptic ulcer disease , gastro-esophageal reflux disease , H. pylori gastritis ...
The Dietary Guidelines for Americans (2020–2025) outline four principles for healthy eating habits: Dietary patterns should shift with each stage of life; Enjoy nutrient-rich food and beverages that adhere to one's budget and reflect one's personal preferences and cultural traditions; Meet food group needs and stay within calorie limits
The following list of favorable foods was cited in the paper: "Fructose malabsorption and symptoms of Irritable Bowel Syndrome Guidelines for effective dietary management". [19] The fructose and glucose contents of foods listed on the Australian food standards [23] would appear to indicate that most of the listed foods have higher fructose levels.