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Idealism in philosophy, also known as philosophical idealism or metaphysical idealism, is the set of metaphysical perspectives asserting that, most fundamentally, reality is equivalent to mind, spirit, or consciousness; that reality is entirely a mental construct; or that ideas are the highest type of reality or have the greatest claim to being considered "real".
Supporters of idealism, the group of metaphysical philosophies which assert that reality, or reality as humans can know it, is fundamentally mental, mentally constructed, or otherwise immaterial. Epistemologically , idealism manifests as a skepticism about the possibility of knowing any mind-independent thing.
American president Woodrow Wilson is widely considered one of the codifying figures of idealism in the foreign policy context.. Since the 1880s, there has been growing study of the major writers of this idealist tradition of thought in international relations, including Sir Alfred Zimmern, [2] Norman Angell, John Maynard Keynes, [3] John A. Hobson, Leonard Woolf, Gilbert Murray, Florence ...
Absolute idealism is chiefly associated with Friedrich Schelling and G. W. F. Hegel, both of whom were German idealist philosophers in the 19th century. The label has also been attached to others such as Josiah Royce , an American philosopher who was greatly influenced by Hegel's work, and the British idealists .
German idealism is a philosophical movement that emerged in Germany in the late 18th and early 19th centuries. It developed out of the work of Immanuel Kant in the 1780s and 1790s, [ 1 ] and was closely linked both with Romanticism and the revolutionary politics of the Enlightenment .
Also associated with subjective idealism: Emmanuel Levinas: January 12, 1906 – December 25, 1995 Lithuania, France Philosopher, theologian Studied with Heidegger and Husserl John Macquarrie: June 27, 1919 – May 28, 2007 United Kingdom Theologian Christian existentialist Vytautas Mačernis: June 5, 1921 – October 7, 1944 Lithuania Poet
As an ontological doctrine, idealism goes further, asserting that all entities are composed of mind or spirit. [8] Idealism thus rejects physicalist and dualist theories that fail to ascribe priority to the mind. An extreme version of this idealism can exist in the philosophical notion of solipsism. List of idealist philosophers: Immanuel Kant
George Berkeley (/ ˈ b ɑːr k l i / BARK-lee; [5] [6] 12 March 1685 – 14 January 1753) – known as Bishop Berkeley (Bishop of Cloyne of the Anglican Church of Ireland) – was an Anglo-Irish philosopher whose primary achievement was the advancement of a theory he called "immaterialism" (later referred to as "subjective idealism" by others).