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Optofluidic waveguides are based on principles of traditional optical waveguides and microfluidic techniques used to maintain gradients or boundaries between flowing fluids. Yang et al. used microfluidic techniques based on laminar flow to generate fluid-based gradient-indices of refraction . [ 6 ]
Optofluidic waveguides, single molecule optical analysis. United States: Caltech: Yang Biophotonics Group [30] Optofluidic Microscopy, Imaging, OCT. United States: UC San Diego: Ultrafast and Nanoscale Optics Group (Fainman) [31] Nanoscale lasers, optofluidic switches, silicon devices. United States: University of Michigan: Sherman Fan Lab [32]
Microfluidics emerged in the beginning of the 1980s and is used in the development of inkjet printheads, DNA chips, lab-on-a-chip technology, micro-propulsion, and micro-thermal technologies. Typically, micro means one of the following features: Small volumes (μL, nL, pL, fL) Small size; Low energy consumption; Microdomain effects
A total internal reflection fluorescence microscope (TIRFM) is a type of microscope with which a thin region of a specimen, usually less than 200 nanometers can be observed. TIRFM is an imaging modality which uses the excitation of fluorescent cells in a thin optical specimen section that is supported on a glass slide.
Köhler illumination is a method of specimen illumination used for transmitted and reflected light (trans- and epi-illuminated) optical microscopy.Köhler illumination acts to generate an even illumination of the sample and ensures that an image of the illumination source (for example a halogen lamp filament) is not visible in the resulting image.
The resolution at that time was limited to 10 µm laterally and 26 µm longitudinally but at a sample size in the millimeter range. The orthogonal-plane fluorescence optical sectioning microscope used a simple cylindrical lens for illumination. Further development and improvement of the selective plane illumination microscope started in 2004. [5]
A bright-field microscope has many important parts including; the condenser, the objective lens, the ocular lens, the diaphragm, and the aperture. Some other pieces of the microscope that are commonly known are the arm, the head, the illuminator, the base, the stage, the adjusters, and the brightness adjuster.
The resolution of a microscope is defined as the minimum separation needed between two objects under examination in order for the microscope to discern them as separate objects. This minimum distance is labelled δ. If two objects are separated by a distance shorter than δ, then they will appear as a single object in the microscope.