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PICO process. The PICO process (or framework) is a mnemonic used in evidence-based practice (and specifically evidence-based medicine) to frame and answer a clinical or health care related question, [ 1] though it is also argued that PICO "can be used universally for every scientific endeavour in any discipline with all study designs". [ 2]
Cohort studies represent one of the fundamental designs of epidemiology which are used in research in the fields of medicine, pharmacy, nursing, psychology, social science, and in any field reliant on 'difficult to reach' answers that are based on evidence ( statistics ). In medicine for instance, while clinical trials are used primarily for ...
Nursing research falls largely into two areas: [citation needed] Quantitative research is based in the paradigm of logical positivism and is focused upon outcomes for clients that are measurable, generally using statistics. The dominant research method is the randomised controlled trial.
Repeated measures design. Repeated measures design is a research design that involves multiple measures of the same variable taken on the same or matched subjects either under different conditions or over two or more time periods. [1] For instance, repeated measurements are collected in a longitudinal study in which change over time is assessed.
Meta-analysis is the statistical combination of the results of multiple studies addressing a similar research question. An important part of this method involves computing a combined effect size across all of the studies. As such, this statistical approach involves extracting effect sizes and variance measures from various studies. [ 1]
Statistical significance. In statistical hypothesis testing, [ 1][ 2] a result has statistical significance when a result at least as "extreme" would be very infrequent if the null hypothesis were true. [ 3] More precisely, a study's defined significance level, denoted by , is the probability of the study rejecting the null hypothesis, given ...
Statistic. A statistic (singular) or sample statistic is any quantity computed from values in a sample which is considered for a statistical purpose. Statistical purposes include estimating a population parameter, describing a sample, or evaluating a hypothesis. The average (or mean) of sample values is a statistic.
Validity (statistics) Validity is the main extent to which a concept, conclusion, or measurement is well-founded and likely corresponds accurately to the real world. [ 1][ 2] The word "valid" is derived from the Latin validus, meaning strong. The validity of a measurement tool (for example, a test in education) is the degree to which the tool ...