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Crime. In ordinary language, a crime is an unlawful act punishable by a state or other authority. [ 1] The term crime does not, in modern criminal law, have any simple and universally accepted definition, [ 2] though statutory definitions have been provided for certain purposes. [ 3] The most popular view is that crime is a category created by ...
Criminal justice is the delivery of justice to those who have been accused of committing crimes. The criminal justice system is a series of government agencies and institutions. Goals include the rehabilitation of offenders, preventing other crimes, and moral support for victims. The primary institutions of the criminal justice system are the ...
Criminology (from Latin crimen, "accusation", and Ancient Greek -λογία, -logia, from λόγος logos meaning: "word, reason") is the interdisciplinary study of crime and deviant behaviour. [ 1] Criminology is a multidisciplinary field in both the behavioural and social sciences, which draws primarily upon the research of sociologists ...
Strain theory is a sociological and criminological theory developed in 1938 by Robert K. Merton. [ 1] The theory states that society puts pressure on individuals to achieve socially accepted goals (such as the American Dream ), even though they lack the means to do so. This leads to strain, which may lead individuals to commit crimes, like ...
Constitutive criminology uses the postmodernist view of knowledge as being political, subjective, and placed in order of rank. Knowledge can be used to take control of someone or something, while lacking values and a neutral point of view. According to Henry, "Use of knowledge is an expression of power or resistance to power." [ 19]
Marxist criminology is one of the schools of criminology. It parallels the work of the structural functionalism school which focuses on what produces stability and continuity in society but, unlike the functionalists, it adopts a predefined political philosophy. As in conflict criminology, it focuses on why things change, identifying the ...
In sociology, the social disorganization theory is a theory developed by the Chicago School, related to ecological theories. The theory directly links crime rates to neighbourhood ecological characteristics; a core principle of social disorganization theory that states location matters. In other words, a person's residential location is a ...
Much of the crime that is happening in neighbourhoods with high crime rates is related to social and physical problems. The use of secondary crime prevention in cities such as Birmingham and Bogotá has achieved large reductions in crime and violence. Programs such as general social services, educational institutions and the police are focused ...