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Chern–Simons form. In mathematics, the Chern–Simons forms are certain secondary characteristic classes. [ 1] The theory is named for Shiing-Shen Chern and James Harris Simons, co-authors of a 1974 paper entitled "Characteristic Forms and Geometric Invariants," from which the theory arose. [ 2]
Galerkin method. In mathematics, in the area of numerical analysis, Galerkin methods are a family of methods for converting a continuous operator problem, such as a differential equation, commonly in a weak formulation, to a discrete problem by applying linear constraints determined by finite sets of basis functions.
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One-form (differential geometry) In differential geometry, a one-form (or covector field) on a differentiable manifold is a differential form of degree one, that is, a smooth section of the cotangent bundle. [ 1] Equivalently, a one-form on a manifold is a smooth mapping of the total space of the tangent bundle of to whose restriction to each ...
Google Scholar is a freely accessible web search engine that indexes the full text or metadata of scholarly literature across an array of publishing formats and disciplines. . Released in beta in November 2004, the Google Scholar index includes peer-reviewed online academic journals and books, conference papers, theses and dissertations, preprints, abstracts, technical reports, and other ...
Before PDF version 1.5, the table would always be in a special ASCII format, be marked with the xref keyword, and follow the main body composed of indirect objects. Version 1.5 introduced optional cross-reference streams, which have the form of a standard stream object, possibly with filters applied. Such a stream may be used instead of the ...
September 1994. First version for Windows 3.1. Windows, Mac, SunOS, Solaris, HP-UX, IRIX, AIX, OS/2. Acrobat Catalog, which creates searchable indexes for PDF files. Adobe also released the first Acrobat Plug-ins SDK; allowing third-party developers to create plug-in programs for the Acrobat Exchange application. 3.0.
July 22, 2024 at 10:13 PM The Swiss-American company now expects its full-year sales in the range of $4.34-$4.43 billion, up from a previous projection of $4.3-$4.4 billion.