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In pipes as limescale and in surface deposits of calcite as travertine or tufa the primary driver of calcite formation is the exsolution of gas. When heating hard water on the stove, these gas bubbles form on the surface of the pan prior to boiling.
Nanobubble. A nanobubble is a small sub-micrometer gas-containing cavity, or bubble, in aqueous solutions with unique properties caused by high internal pressure, small size and surface charge. [1][2] Nanobubbles generally measure between 70-150 nanometers in size [3][4] and less than 200 nanometers in diameter [5][6] and are known for their ...
Ultrasonic cleaning is a process that uses ultrasound (usually from 20 to 40 kHz) to agitate a fluid, with a cleaning effect. Ultrasonic cleaners come in a variety of sizes, from small desktop units with an internal volume of less than 0.5 litres (0.13 US gal), to large industrial units with volumes approaching 1,000 litres (260 US gal).
Water softening. Idealized image of water softening process involving replacement of calcium ions in water with sodium ions donated by a cation-exchange resin. Water softening is the removal of calcium, magnesium, and certain other metal cations in hard water. The resulting soft water requires less soap for the same cleaning effort, as soap is ...
The gas bubbles, also known as convective granules, are about 621 miles (1,000 kilometers) across and move at speeds of a few kilometers per second, so they only survive for about 10 minutes.
Single-bubble sonoluminescence – a single, cavitating bubble. Sonoluminescence is the emission of light from imploding bubbles in a liquid when excited by sound. Sonoluminescence was first discovered in 1934 at the University of Cologne. It occurs when a sound wave of sufficient intensity induces a gaseous cavity within a liquid to collapse ...
Microbubble. Microbubbles are bubbles smaller than one hundredth of a millimetre in diameter, but larger than one micrometre. They have widespread application in industry, medicine, [1] life science, [2] and food technology. [3] The composition of the bubble shell and filling material determine important design features such as buoyancy, crush ...
Degassing, also known as degasification, is the removal of dissolved gases from liquids, especially water or aqueous solutions. There are numerous methods for removing gases from liquids. Gases are removed for various reasons. Chemists remove gases from solvents when the compounds they are working on are possibly air- or oxygen-sensitive (air ...