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  2. Drain cleaner - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drain_cleaner

    The enzymatic process facilitates the decomposition of these materials into smaller, water-soluble molecules, [4] which are then more easily flushed without harming the plumbing infrastructure or the environment. While enzyme drain cleaners are effective for regular maintenance and preventing minor clogs, they may not be suitable for severe ...

  3. Trituration - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trituration

    In organic chemistry, trituration is a process used to purify crude chemical compounds containing soluble impurities. A solvent is chosen in which the desired product is insoluble and the undesired by-products are very soluble or vice versa. For example, when the impurities are soluble and the desired product is not, the crude material is ...

  4. Concrete degradation - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concrete_degradation

    When atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO 2), or carbonate ions (HCO − 3, CO 2− 3 dissolved in water) diffuse into concrete from its external surface, they react with calcium hydroxide (portlandite, Ca(OH) 2) and the pH of the concrete pore water progressively decreases from 13.5 – 12.5 to 8.5 (pH of water in equilibrium with calcite).

  5. AFt phases - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AFt_phases

    During the making of concrete, gypsum dissolves at the contact with water, freeing up Ca 2+ and SO 2− 4 ions in solution. These ions react with aluminate Al(OH) − 4 ions present at the surface of the hydrating C 3 A grains forming a thin impervious coating of less soluble ettringite according to the following reaction: [ 19 ]

  6. Superplasticizer - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superplasticizer

    Their addition allows to decrease the water-to-cement ratio of concrete or mortar without negatively affecting the workability of the mixture. It enables the production of self-consolidating concrete and high-performance concrete. The water–cement ratio is the main factor determining the concrete strength and its durability. Superplasticizers ...

  7. Calcium silicate hydrate - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calcium_silicate_hydrate

    When water is added to cement, each of the compounds undergoes hydration and contributes to the final state of the concrete. [2] Only calcium silicates contribute to the strength. Tricalcium silicate is responsible for most of the early strength (first 7 days). [3] Dicalcium silicate, which reacts more slowly, only contributes to late strength.

  8. Hydrodemolition - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrodemolition

    Robotic Hydrodemolition in Ystad, Sweden. Hydrodemolition of concrete exposing the rebar.. Hydrodemolition (also known as hydro demolition, hydroblasting, hydro blasting, hydromilling, waterblasting, and waterjetting) is a concrete removal technique which utilizes high-pressure water, often containing an abrasive material, to remove deteriorated and sound concrete as well as asphalt and grout.

  9. Alkali–silica reaction - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alkali–silica_reaction

    The water diffusion time is thus proportional to the square of its transport distance. As a consequence, the water saturation degree inside thick concrete structures often remains higher than 80%, a level sufficient to provide enough water to the system and to maintain the alkali-silica reaction on going.

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