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Lolium temulentum, typically known as darnel, poison darnel, darnel ryegrass or cockle, is an annual plant of the genus Lolium within the family Poaceae.The plant stem can grow up to one meter tall, with inflorescence in the ears and purple grain.
The species are cultivated as a grain or vegetable crop (such as in lieu of spinach), as well as animal feed in Asia [14] [15] and Africa, whereas in Europe and North America, it is commonly regarded as a weed in places such as potato fields, [16] while in Australia it is naturalised in all states and regarded as an environmental weed in New ...
Gene flow was observed to be asymmetric (from crop to weed), due to a preferential flow of pollen from high-density populations of domesticated C. quinoa to dispersed populations of wild C. berlandieri. [41] This directional crop-weed interaction has implications for the future of introgressive change in wild C. berlandieri varieties.
Knotweed is a weed of waste areas but has been showing up in grain fields, where is becomes problematic because of its prolific seed production and long viability. It is also a host for powdery mildew like Erysiphe betae and viruses such as beet ringspot and beet curly top virus .
Both affect many other grass species, in particular most important cereals, and Echinochloa weeds may serve as a reservoir. The fungi Drechslera monoceras and Exserohilum monoceras have been evaluated with some success as potential biocontrol agents of common barnyard grass in rice fields.
These symptoms can drastically impair photosynthesis, translocation of photosynthetic assimilates, and grain filling, so reduce yield and grain quality. Finger millet blast can also infest finger millet weeds such as the closely related E. indica, E. africana, Digitaria spp., Setaria spp., and Doctylocterium spp.
A field of beets being weeded in Colorado, United States, in 1972. Weed control encompasses a range of methods used by humans to stop, reduce or prevent the growth and reproduction of weeds within agricultural or other managed environments. Some weed control is preventative, implementing protocols to stop weeds from invading new areas.
Flowers appear in thin clusters of white corollas. The fruits are spherical nutlets hanging in pairs at the leaf axils. This plant is sometimes a weed of grain fields, [5] [6] [7] but it has been driven to the edge of extinction in the UK by drastically changed farming practices over the past 50 years. [8]
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